Euvor, were ten Officers appointed to affift the Archons, to pass the Accounts of the Magiftrates, and to fet a Fine upon fuch as they found to have embezzel'd the publick Treasure, or any way injur'd the Commonwealth by their Male-adminiftration. Ariftotle (n) tells us, they were fometimes call'd Easai, and Σuvny, and others will have them to be the fame with the Aofisai; but thefe are by Ariftotle faid to be diftinguish'd from them.

CHAP. XIII.

Of the Athenian Magiftrates.

Idena, the Eleven, fo call'd from their Number, were elected out of the Body of the People, each of the ten Tribes fending one; to which there was added a гpaalaus, or Register, to make up the Number; fometimes they were call'd Nouopuanes, Keepers of the Laws; which Appellation was taken from their Office, being in fome Things not unlike to that of our Sheriffs; for they were to fee Malefactors put to Execution, and had the Charge of fuch as were committed to the publick Prifon. They had alfo Power to feize Thieves, Kidnappers, and Highwaymen upon Sufpicion; and, if they confefs'd the Fact, to put them to Death; if not, they were obliged to profecute them in a judicial Way.

ouaexo, were Magiftrates that prefided over the Athenian Tribes, one of which was allotted to each of them. Afterwards this Name became peculiar to a military Command, and the Governors of Tribes were cali'd Επιμελη]αὶ φυλῶν. Their Bufinefs was to take Care of the publick Treafure, which belong'd to each Tribe, to manage all their Concerns, and call them together to confult as oft as any Thing happen'd, which required the Prefence of the whole Body.

Quaobaoines feem to have had, in most Things, the fame Office, with respect to particular Tribes, that the Bassus had, with respect to the Commonwealth. They were chofen out of the Eurareida, or Nobility, had the Care of publick Sacrifices, and other divine Worship peculiar to their refpective Tribes, and kept their Court in the Portico Call'd Βασίλειοr, and fometimes in the Bγκολεῖον.

Φεστρίαρχοι,and Τετύαρχοι, had in the feveral Φρατεία, and Ter Tues, the fame Power that the punagxos exercised over the whole Tribe. Anuaeyor, had the fame Offices in the Añor, took Care of their Revenues, out of which they paid all the Duties required of them, affembled the People in the Boroughs under their Jurifdiction, all whose Names they had written in a Register, and prefided at the Election of Senators, and other Magiftrates chofen by Lots. Sometimes we find them call'd Naungae, and the Boroughs Navngacías, because each of them was obliged, befides two Horsemen, to furnish out one Ship for the publick Service.

(z) Polit. 1. VI. cap. ultimo,

Λεξί

Antiago, were fix in Chief, but were affifted by thirty inferior Officers, in laying Fines upon fuch as came not to publick Affemblies, and making Scrutiny amongst thofe that were prefent; fuch alfo, as were bufy in the Market, they compell'd to leave their Buying and Selling, and attend on the publick Bufinefs, the which they did by the Help of the Too, who were certain inferior Officers, or rather Servants, much like the Roman Lictors, and our Sheriff's Liverymen, Bailiffs, &c. the City of Athens had a thousand of them, that liv'd in Tents, erected in the Middle of the Forum, and were afterwards removed to the Areopagus. Their Name feems to have been taken from the Arms they ufually carried with them, in the fame Manner that the Lifeguards of Kings are call'd Aogupbea. Sometimes they are call'd AnMooio! ETOT, a Name which was taken from their Offices; fometimes Пdoivior, from Peufinus, one of the Primitive Athenians, that either first instituted this Office, or gave Rules for the ordering of it; and fometimes Exúa, from the Country of Scythia; for generally Men of that Country were chofen into this Place, as being brawny, sturdy, Fellows; and therefore one of them is introduced by Aristophanes, speaking in an uncouth and barbarous Manner (). But to return to the Lexiarchi. They were the Perfons that had the keeping of antiag κὶν γραμματείον, or λεύκωμα, or publick Regifter of the whole City, in which were written the Names of all the Citizens, as foon as they came to be of Age to enter upon their paternal Inheritance, which they call'd Anis.

Nopoguλanes, were Officers, whofe Business it was to fee that neither the Magiftrates, nor common People made any Innovation upon the Laws, and to punish the stubborn and disobedient (p). To this End in publick Affemblies they had Seats appointed with the Пege, that they might be ready to oppofe any Man that should act contrary to the Laws, and received Customs, or promoted any Thing against the publick Good. As a Token of the honourable Station they were placed in, they always wore a white Ribband in the folemn Games, and publick Shews, and had Chairs erected for them over-against thofe of the nine Archons.

Nouola, were a thousand in Number, who were commonly chofen by Lot out of fuch as had been Judges in the Court Helica: Their Office was not (as the Name feems to imply) to enact new Laws by their own Authority, for that could not be done without the Approbation of the Senate, and the People's Ratification, but to inspect the old; and if they found any of them ufelefs, or prejudicial, as the State of Affairs then tood, or contradictory to others, they caufed them to be abrogated by an Act of the People. Befides this, they were to take Care that no Man fhould plough, or dig deep Ditches within the Pelaf gian Wall, to apprehend the Offenders, and fend them to the Archon.

(0) Ariftophanes ejusque Scholiaft. Acarn. & Thesmoph. (p) Cicero de Legib. lib. III, Columella de Re Ruft, lib. XII, cap. 3.

CHAP.

T

CHA P. XIV.

Of the Athenian Magiftrates.

HE Treafurers and General Receivers of Athens were of several Sorts; but, before I proceed to give an Account of their Offices, it will be neceffary to premise a Word or two concerning the publick Revenues; which are by the accurate Sigonius divided into these four following Sorts.

1.Téan, fignify thofe Revenues that were brought in by Lands, Mines, Woods, and other public poffeffions,fet apart for the use of the Commonwealth; and the Tributes paid by the Sojourners, and the Freed-Servants; as also the Customs requir'd of certain Arts, and Trades, and particularly of Merchants for the Exportation and Importation of their Goods.

2. 69, were the annual Payments exacted of all their tributary Cities, which, after Xerxes's Overthrow, were first levied by the Athenians, as Contributions to enable them to carry on the War, in Cafe, as was fear'd, the Enemy should make a new Invasion upon them. The firft Collector of this Tax was Ariflides, who, (as Plutarch reports in his Life) affefs'd all particular Perfons, Town by Town, according to every Man's Ability; and the Sum raised by him amounted to four hundred and fixty Talents. To this Pericles added near a third Part (proceeds my Author) for Thucydides reports, that, in the Beginning of the Peloponneftan War, the Athenians had, coming in from their Confederates, fix hundred Talents. After Pericles's Death, the Orators, and Men powerful amongst the People, proceeded to increase it by little and little, till it amounted to one thousand and three hundred Talents; and that not fo much, becaufe of the extraordinary Expenfiveness of the Wars, as by exciting the People to Largeffes, Play-houfe Expences, and the Erecting of Statues and Temples.

3. Eisgoga, were Taxes laid upon the Citizens, as well as Sojourners, and Freed-Servants, by the Order of the Affembly and Senate, for the defraying of extraordinary Charges, occafion'd by long and unfuccefsful Wars, or any other Means.

4. Trumpala, were Fines and Amercements, all which were carried into the Exchequer, except the tenth Part, which was given to Minerva, and the fiftieth Part which belong'd to the reft of the Gods, and the Heroes call'd Edvupo. Having faid thus much of the publick Money, I fhall now proceed to the Períons that had the Difpofal and Management of it.

Ewisdrns, was elected by Lot out of the Prytanes, and had in his Cuftody the Keys of the publick Exchequer, which Truft was thought fo great, that no Man was permitted to enjoy it above once. Of the reft of the Honours and Offices of this Magiftrate I fhall speak in ano

ther Place.

ПaλTai, were ten in Number, and, together with those that had the Care of the Money allow'd for Shews, had the Power of letting out the Tribute Money, and other publick Revenues, and felling Eftates

that

that were confiscated; all which Bargains were ratified in the Name of their Prefident. Befides this, it was their Office to convict such as had not paid the Tribute, call'd Meroíniov, and fell them by Auction. Under these were certain inferior Officers, call'd Exλofes,whofe Business it was to collect the publick Money, for fuch as had Leases of the City's Revenues, whom they call'd Texas; these were always Perfons of good Credit themselves, and, befides their own Bonds, were obliged to give other Security for the Payment of the Money due according to their Leafes, in which, if they fail'd any longer than till the ninth Prytanea, they were under a Forfeiture of twice the Principal, to be paid by themfelves or their Sureties, upon Neglect of which they were all caft into Prison, and their Eftates confifcated (q). After the Expulfion of the thirty Tyrants, certain Officers, call'd urdinot, were created with Power to take Cognizance of all Complaints about the Confifcation of Goods, as appears from an Oration of Lyfias in Behalf of Nicias.

Enyeupes, were Officers that rated all those of whom Taxes and Contributions were required according to every Man's Ability, kept the publick Accounts, and profecuted fuch as were behind-hand with their Contributions.

Anofix, were ten general Receivers, to whom all the publick Revenues, Contribution-money, and Debts ow'd to the Publick were paid: Which done, they regiftred all their Receptions, and crofs'd out of the publick Debt-book fuch as had discharged their Debts in the Prefence of the whole Senate. If any Controversy happen'd about the Money or Taxes, they had Power to decide it, except it was a difficult and knotty Point, or of high Concern, for fuch they referred to the Hearing of fome of the Courts of Judicature.

Αντιγραφεὺς τῆς βολῆς, was a publick Notary, appointed at the firft Inftitution of the Office by Election, and afterwards by Lot, to take a Counter-part of the Accounts of the Awodinta, for the Prevention of all Deceit and Mistakes.

Ελλωοταμίας, οι Ελλίωοταμιανοι, had the fame Offices in the tributary Cities that belong'd to the Azodinjau in their own Territories. Пpalopes, were those that receiv'd the Money due to the City from Fines laid upon Criminals.

Ταμίας το Θεῖ, κι * Θεῶν, were thole that received that Part of the Fines which was due to Minerva, and the reft of the Gods, which was done before the Senate. They were ten in Number, were chosen by Lots out of the Пerrandodipro, or Nobles, and had Power of remitting any Man's Fine, if it was made appear to them, that the Magiftrates had unjustly impofed it. Pollux tells us, they were the fame with thofe they call'd Kwλanpera, and thefe, as the Scholiaft upon Ariftophanes reports, ufed to receive not only the Money due to the Gods from Fines, but other Incomes defign'd for Civil Uses, and particularly, the Telona, diftributed amongst the Judges, and therefore call'd Δικασικός μισθός. They were fo nam'd (1) Κωλαγρέται, becaufe they were a kind of Priefts, and used to claim as their Due the Relicks of Sacrifices, amongst which were the Skins and the Kwaai (r).

(g) Suidas, Ulpianus in Demofthen. &c. (7) Ariftoph, Schol, Avibus Vespis. G

Ζητητας

Zinta, were Officers appointed upon extraordinary Occafions to enquire after the publick Debts, when, thro' the Neglect of the Receivers, or by other Means, they were run up to large Sums, and began to be in Danger of being loft, if not call'd in.

The Distinction of the Officers, hitherto mention'd, has been taken chiefly from the different Receptions of the publick Money; I fhall proceed in Sigonius's Method, and give you an Account in the next Place of thofe that were distinguished by the different Manners of disburfing it. And, to this End, you must know the publick Treasure was divided into three Sorts, according to the various Uses to which it was employ'd; the first they called,

1. Χρήματα τῆς διοικήσεως, being fuch as were expended in civil Ufes. 2. ErgaTI@Tind, thofe that were required to defray the Charges of the War.

3. Oscend, fuch as were confecrated to pious Ufes; in which they included the Expences at Plays, publick Shews, and Festivals, because most of them were celebrated in Honour of some of the Gods, or in Memory of fome deceased Hero; and Pollux tells us, the Money given to the Judges, and the People, that met in the publick Affemblies, was call'd by this Name. There is a Law mentioned by Demofthenes (), whereby this Money was commanded, when the neceffary Expences of War could not otherwise be provided for, to be applied to that Ufe. This Eubulus (to ingratiate himself with the Commonalty, who were generally more concern'd to maintain the publick Shews and Festivals, than the most neceffary War) caused to be abrogated, and at the fame Time to be declared a capital Crime for any Man to propound, that the Osweina Xenpala fhould be applied for the Service of the War (). Ταμίας τῆς Διοικήσεως, otherwife callad Επιμελητῆς ἢ κοινῶν προGodav, was the principal Treasurer, being far fuperior to all the reft in Honour and Power, created by the People, and continued in his Office for five Years; after which, if he had behaved himself with Honesty and Integrity, it was an usual Thing for him to be elected a second and third Time.

Αντιγραφεὺς τῆς Διοικήσεως, feems to have been one that kept a Counterpart of the chief Treasurer's Accounts to preserve them from being falfified, or corrupted.

Tapias 7 ErgaTITIXav, was the Pay-mafter General of the Army. Ταμίας » Θεωρικῶν, or, Ο ἐπὶ τῷ Θεωρικῷ, had the Difpofal of the Owend shuara, for the Ufes abovementioned. But the greatest and most troublesome Part of his Office confifted in diftributing them to the poor Citizens, to buy Seats in the Theatre; which Custom was first begun and enacted into a Law by Pericles, to ingratiate himself with the Commonalty (u); for, as Libanius obferves, in the Primitive Ages of the Commonwealth, when the Theatres were compofed of Wood, the People, being eager of getting Places, ufed to quarrel among themfelves, and fometimes beat and wounded one another; to prevent which Inconvenience, it was order'd that every one, before he entered into

(S) Orat, in Negram, (1) Ulpianus in Olynthiac, ά, (w) Plutarch, Pericle.

the