Befides thefe, there were feveral other Boroughs, of which it is un certain what Tribes they belong'd to: Such are thefe,

Of the Sojourners, and Servants, in Athens.

HE fecond Sort of the Inhabitants of Attica were call'd Mé

foreign Country, and fettled in Attica, being admitted by the Council of Areopagus, and enter'd in a publick Register (d). They differ'd from the ПoíTa, or Citizens, because they were not free Citizens of Athens, but either came from another City themselves, or were defcended from such as did; and from the Evo, or Strangers, because they took ap their Lodgings only for a fhort Time; whereas the MéTonot had fix'à Habitations, and constantly refided upon the Place, whither they had transplanted themselves.

They were permitted to dwell in the City, and follow their own Bufinefs without Disturbance, but could not be intrufted with any publick Office, give their Votes in the Affemblies, or have any Share in the Government; being obliged to fit ftill, as Spectators in a Theatre, without intermeddling, or any Way concerning themselves with State Affairs, and patiently submit to the Decrees enacted by the Citizen's, and obferve all the Laws and Customs of the Country. And therefore Ariftophanes in Suidas compares them to Chaff, as being an unprofitable and useless Part of the Commonwealth.

Τις γ Μέτοικος ἄχυρα τῶν ἀςῶν λέγω.
The Sojourners (if I may speak my Mind)
Are, as it were, the City's Chaff and Scum.

J. A.

They were not allowed to act any Thing, or manage any Business in their own Names, but were obliged to chufe out of the Citizens one, to whofe Care and Protection they would commit themselves, and

(d) Ariftophanis Scholiaftes in Aves,
E 4

whose

whofe Duty it was to defend them from all Violence and Oppreffior This is intimated in Terence's Eunuchus, where Thais puts herself into the Hands of Phædria's Family,

CH. Tum autem Phædriæ,

Meo fratri, gaudeo amorem effe omnem in tranquillo, una eft domus,
Thais patri Je commendavit, in clientelam & fidem

Nobis dedit fe

(e).

My Brother's good Succefs in his Amour

Doth glad my Soul, for Thais now's his own,
Since the Protection of herself fhe leaves
To my old Father's Care and Management.

J. A.

The Perfon to whom they committed themselves was call'd Пesáns, and was allow'd to demand several Services of them, in which, if they fail'd, or if they neglected to choose a Patron, an Action was commenced against them before the Polemarchus, call'd Awegsaris Sinn, whereupon their Goods were confiscated.

In Confideration of the Privileges allow'd them, the Commonwealth required them to perform feveral Duties; for Inftance, in the Panathenaa, a Festival celebrated in Honour of Minerva; the Men were oblig'd to carry certain Veffels call'd Exápa, whereby are meant not Spades, as Meurfius and the Tranflator of Harpocration have explain'd this Word, but Navicula, little Ships, which were Signs of their foreign Extraction; which few have hitherto rightly understood. Hence they were term'd oxaqes, or oxaonobe, by the ancient Writers of Comedy. The Women carried ideia, Veffels of Water, or onιádea, Umbrellas, to defend the free Women from the Weather, and are thence nam'd i♪grage, and orange. This laft Custom was begun after Xerxes and the Perfians had been driven out of Greece, when the Athenians, becoming infolent with Succefs, fet a greater Value upon the Freedom of their City, than they had formerly done (ƒ).

Befide this, the Men paid an annual Tribute of twelve Drachms, tho' Hefychius mentioneth ten only, and the Women, that had no Sons, were liable to be taxed fix; but fuch, as had Sons that paid, were excufed. This Tribute was call'd Meroínov, and was exacted not only of those that dwelt in Athens, but of all fuch as fettled themselves in any Town of Attica, as appears from the Inftance given us by Lyfias (g) in Oropus, which was an Athenian Town, fituated upon the Confines of Baotia. About the Time of Xerxes's Invafion upon Greece, Themiftacles having, by his eminent Service, raised himself to great Power in the Commonwealth, prevail'd fo far upon the Athenians, that they remitted this Exaction, and continued the Sojourners in the Enjoyment of their Privileges, without requiring any fuch Acknowledgment from them (b). How long they enjoy'd this Immunity, I cannot tell; but it is certain they kept it not long, and probably it might be taken from them, and the A&t repeal'd, as foon as Themi

(e) Act. ult. Scen. ult. (f) Eliani variæ Hiftoriæ, Lib. VI. c. 1. (g) Orat. in Philonem. (b) Diodor, Sicul, 1. XI.

focles

focles fell into Difgrace. Upon Non-payment of this Impofition, the Delinquent was immediately feized by the Tax-mafters, and carried away to the Market fet apart for that Purpose, (call'd by Plutarch Μετοίκιον (i), and by Demofthenes (7) Πωλητήριον τε Μετοικία, where they were expofed to Sale by the Пwant, who were Officers concern'd in the publick Revenues. And this Fate had the famous Philofopher Xenccrates undergone, had not Lycurgus rescued him out of the Hands of the Officers, as Plutarch reports (1); Diogenes Laertius (m) tells us, he was actually fold, because he had not wherewithal to pay the Tribute, but was redeem'd by Demetrius the Phalerean, who, because he would not violate the Laws of the City, nor yet could endure to see so great and useful a Man reduced to fo miferable a Condition, restored him his Liberty, and paid for him what the Tax-master demanded.

But tho' these Men were incapable of having any Preferment, or bearing any Office in the Commonwealth, yet they were not wholly deftitute of Encouragements to the Practice of Virtue, and the Undertaking of noble Actions, and being ferviceable to the Publick. For fuch, as fignalized themselves by any notable Exploit, were feldom paffed by neglected, or unrewarded; but were taken into publick Confideration, and, by a fpecial Edict of the People, honour'd with an Immunity from all Impofitions, Taxes, and other Duties, except fuch as were required of the freeborn Citizens, and therefore they call'd this Honour Ισοτέλεια, and the Perfons that enjoy'd it Ισοτελες, becaufe they did ἶσα τελεῖν τοῖς ἀςοῖς, pay only an equal Proportion with the Citizens. This was a Sort of an Half-freedom, being the fame with what we sometimes find call'd Aréλea, of which I have spoken already, and was granted to Foreigners that had deferved well of the Publick, but not merited enough to be enroll'd amongst the true Citizens; an Inftance of which we have in Perdiccas King of Macedon, and fometimes in whole Cities and Commonwealths, that had by some special Service demonftrated the Kindness and good Affection they bore to Athens; two Examples of this we have in the Thebans and Olynthians in Theophraftus, as he is cited by Suidas, to whom, with Harpocration and Hefychius, we are chiefly obliged for thefe Accounts.

I proceed, in the next Place, to speak of the third, and most numerous Part of the Inhabitants of Attica, I mean the Servants, of which there were two Sorts; the first was of those, that thro' Poverty were forced to ferve for Wages, being otherwise freeborn Citizens, but not having any Suffrage in publick Affairs, by Reafon of their Indigence, it being forbidden at some Times (for this Prohibition was not perpetual) that Persons, not having fuch an Estate as was mention'd in the Law, fhould have the Privilege of giving their Voices. These were properly call'd Onres, and Пeλd (2), and were the most genteel Sort of Servants, being only in that State during their own Pleasure and Neceffities; and having Power either to change their Mafters, or (if they became able to fubfift by themselves) wholly to release themselves from Servitude.

(i) Fluminio, (k) Orat. I. in Aristogit. (1) Loc. cit. (m) Xenocrate. (n) Pollux. lib. III. c. 8.

The