Athens had three Harbours for Ships.

1. Пegausus, Piraeus, which belong'd to the Tribe of Hippothoontis, and was thirty-five or forty Stadia diftant from the City, before the Buildings of the long Walls, which have been already mention'd. From which Time the Athenians, by the Direction of Themistocles, made this their chief Harbour. It contain'd three guoi, or Docks; the first call'd Kárlap, from an Hero of that Name. The fecond Appoistov, from Appoiτn, or Venus, who had there two Temples, one of which was confecrated by Themistocles, the other by Conon. The third Zia, from Bread Corn, which is call'd by the Grecians (ed. There were likewise in this Harbour five Porticos, which, being join'd together, compofed one very large Portico, which was on that Account commonly term'd Manpa sod. The Piraeus had farther two Forums; one near the long Portico, and the Sea; the other farther distant from the Sea; and for that Reason chiefly frequented by those who lived nearest the City. One of these seems to have been call'd Iww.dapeior, from the Architect Hippodamus, who built the long Wall, whereby this Harbour was join'd to the City. Here was a most celebrated Mart, to which Merchants reforted from almost every Part of Greece. Whence came the proverbial Saying, Τον Πειραιέα κεναγγίαν μὴ φέρειν, That Famine and Emptinefs do not come from Piraeus. This Harbour, tho' once very populous and well inhabited, was reduced to a very few Houses in the Time of Strabo, who flourish'd under the Emperors Auguftus and Tiberius; having been Burnt by Sylla in the Mithridatick War.

2. Maruxía, Munychia, which was a Promontory not far diftant from Piraeus, extended not unlike to a Peninsula, and well fortified both by Nature, and afterwards, at the Inftance of Thrafybulus, by · Art. The Name was derived from one Munychus, who dedicated in this Place a Temple to Diana, firnam'd Maruxia, which yet others report to have been founded by Embarus.

3. Paλnfor, Phalerum, which belong'd to the Tribe Antiochis, and was diftant from the City thirty-five Stadia, according to Thucydides ; but in Paufamas's Account (/) only twenty. This was the most ancient of the three Harbours: And from hence Thefeus is reported to have fet Sail for Crete; and afterwards Mneftheus for Troy.

T

CHA P. IX.

Of the Citizens, Tribes, &c. of Athens.

HE Inhabitants of Attica were of three Sorts, 1. Пox, or Freemen. 2. Méronor, or Sojourners. 3. Ano, or Servants. The Citizens furpafs'd the others in Dignity and Power, as having the Government in their Hands, but were far exceeded by the Slaves in Number, many Slaves being often subject to one Citizen. The Number of Citizens in Cecrops Time, I have already faid, was twenty

(1) Arcadicis. p. 471. Edit, Hanov.

thoufand;

thoufand; in Pericles's there were not fo many, as appears from Plutarch (m); and when Demetrius the Phalerean was the Governor, they exceeded their first Number under Cecrops only by one thousand; at the fame Time Foreigners were ten thousand, and the Slaves four hundred thoufand, as appears from a Poll instituted at the Command of Demetrius, and mention'd in Athenæus (n).

Whence it is evident, that the Increase of the Athenians themselves was very inconfiderable, but those growing Numbers of Inhabitants, that fwell'd the City to that Bignefs, to which it was extended in AfterAges, were either of Slaves, or Strangers, who for the Advantage of Study, or Trade, or for other Conveniencies, fettled themselves at Athens; and of these two Sorts, in the Time of Cecrops, it is probable there were few or none, because, through the Scarcity of Men in his new-form'd Government, for the Encouragement of Foreigners to fettle there, he was forc'd to allow them the fame Privileges that were enjoy'd by the Natives. And there is a very ancient Law mention'd by the Scholiaft of Ariftophanes (o), whereby all Foreigners, who intended to live at Athens, were obliged, after a fhort Stay in that City, to be enroll'd amongst the free Citizens.

And for feveral Ages after, it was no difficult Matter to obtain the Freedom of the City; but when the Athenian Power grew great, and their glorious Actions rendred them famous thro' all Greece, this Privilege was accounted a very great Favour, and granted to none but Men of the greatest Birth, or Reputation, or fuch as had perform'd fome notable Piece of Service for the Common-wealth. Nor was it without much Difficulty to be obtain'd even by them; Menon the Pharfalian, who had fent the Athenians a Supply of two hundred Horse, in the War against Eon near Amphipolis, defired it, and was rejected. And Perdiccas, King of Macedonia, after having affifted them against the Perfians, could obtain no more than a bare Tea, or Immunity from Tribute, paid by those that fojourned amongst them, but no Right of Suffrage, or other Privileges common to the Freemen.

And after Mardonius and the Perfians were defeated at Platea, it was decreed by an exprefs Law, that none but Men eminent for Merit should be admitted into the Number of Citizens (p).

But this peremptory Stiffness, which Success and Victory had put into them, did not always make them so obftinate, nor hinder, but that many Worthies, tho' neither equal in Birth, nor Fortune, to the former, were enroll'd amongst the Citizens; fuch were Hippocrates the Phyfician, Euryfaces the Son of Ajax, with many others, befide the whole City of the Plateans, to which they granted Freedom, for their fignal Services in the Perfian War. But by thefe Grants, though the Number of the Citizens may be faid to have been increased, yet nothing was added to the Number of Inhabitants, which remain'd ftill the fame, because the Perfons, thus admitted, feldom made Ufe of their Privilege, and fued for it rather as a Title of Honour, than with a Design to be any ways advantaged by it.

(m) Pericle. (n) Deipnes. 1. VI. (0) Ranis. (p) Auctor Orationis in Neæram.

This Privilege could not be conferr'd by any befides the popular Affembly, whence the Citizens thus admitted were call'd Anpowonloí, in Oppofition to the Freeborn. Neither was the first Gift of the People to take Effect, unless they thought fit to ratify it in a fecond AfJembly, wherein fix thousand Citizens were required to be prefent. And for Fear the Authority or Interest of any Perfon should fway them to comply with fuch Requests against their Inclinations, they gave their Votes privately, by cafting little Stones into Urns, placed on Purpofe in their Affemblies by the Prytanes, who were alfo obliged to provide a fufficient Number of Stones for the Suffragants; nay, farther, till all had done voting, the Strangers that petition'd for Freedom were not permitted to come into the Place of the Affembly. And after all this, if any one appear'd to be undeferving of the Honour they had conferr'd upon him, an Appeal might be made to à certain Court, which had Power to enquire into the Lives and Conditions of these Persons, and deprive fuch as they found unworthy, by recalling the Freedom which had been granted thro' the Ignorance and Inconfideration of the Multitude; and this Difgrace befel Pytholaus, the Theffalian, and Apollonides the Olynthian (q). It was further provided by Solon, that none fhould live at Athens as free Citizens, except fuch as were banish'd from their own Country, or voluntarily came to refide at Athens with their whole Families. Whereby he, no doubt, intended to prevent all fuch from enjoying the Privileges of Athens, who had greater Alliances and Interefts in other Places (r).

The Manner of Admiffion was by declaring that such an one was incorporated amongst the Denizons of Athens, and invested with all the Honours, Privileges, and Immunities belonging to them; and had a Right to partake of, and affift at the Performance of all their Holy Rites and Mysteries, except fuch as were appropriated to certain noble Families, fuch as were the Eumolpida, Ceryces, Cynida, which had certain Priesthoods, and holy Offices peculiar to themfelves; or (as others are of Opinion) they were excluded from all the Offices of Priesthood of whatever Denomination: Which is the more probable, because the freeborn Athenians were themselves excluded from thofe Offices which were appropriated to the facred Families. Except alfo the Offices of the nine Archons, which none but freeborn Athenians were allow'd to execute; that neither the Religion, nor the Management of Publick Affairs might be entrusted in foreign Hands. Yet this extended not to the Children of Citizens thus adopted, who were allow'd all the Privileges of Natives. Laftly, they were admitted into a certain Tribe, and Hundred, and fo the Ceremony ended (/).

Freeborn Athenians were those that had both, or one of their Parents an Athenian. Ariftotle tells us, that in feveral Common-wealths, at the first, those were accounted free, that were born of a Free-woman; but when the Number of Inhabitants increased, fuch only were esteem'd free, as were defcended from Parents that were both free (t). And so it came to pass in Athens; where it was decreed by Solon, that

(9) Demofth. Orat. in Neæram. (r) Plutarchus, Seine, (f) Demofthen, Orat. in Nearam. (t) Ariftotel, Polit. lib. III. c. 5.

none

none begotten out of lawful Marriage, which could then be celebrated only between Free-Citizens, fhould have Right to inherit their Father's Eftate. This appears from the following Words of Aristophanes :

Ερῶ ἢ δὴ καὶ τὸν Σολῶνος σοι νόμον

ད་

Νόθῳ ἢ μὴ εἶναι ἀρχιτείαν (4).

But this Law was afterwards abrogated by the tacit Confent of the Common-wealth, till the Time of Pericles, who when he flourish'd in the State, and had Sons lawfully begotten, propofed a Law, that thofe only should be reputed true Citizens of Athens, who were born of Parents that were both Athenians; and having prevail'd with the People to give their Confent to it, little lefs than five thousand were deprived of their Freedom, and fold for Slaves; and those, who enduring the Teft, remain'd in the Government, and past Muster for true-born Athenians, were found in the Poll to be fourteen thousand and forty Perfons in Number. But Pericles himself afterwards, having loft all his legitimate Sons, fo far perfuaded the Athenians, that they cancel'd the Law, and granted that he fhould enroll his Baftard Sons in the Regifter of his own Ward, by his paternal Name; thinking that by thofe Loffes he had been fufficiently punished for his former Arrogance; and therefore being of Opinion, that he had been fhrewdly handled by the Divine Vengeance, of which he had run fo fevere a Gantlope, and that his Requelt was fuch as became a Man to afk, and Men to grant. Thus Plutarch (w). But this Law was again repealed by Aritophon the Orator, after the Expulfion of the thirty Tyrants, Euclides being Archon; at which Time the ancient Law was revived, That all, whofe Mothers were not Citizens, fhould be nothi, illegitimate (x). For legitimate Children, are those who are born of lawful Wives, who muft be Free-Citizens, others being only reputed Concubines. And thus Grammarians commonly explain Nothus. ΝάθΘ ὁ ἐκ ξένης, ἢ παλAanid. Nothus, a Bafiard is one born of a Stranger, or an Harlot. But yrio, a legitimate Son, is interpreted by the fame Perfons, ¿ ¿ γυναικὸς ὡς ῆς καὶ γαμετῆς, ἢ ἐκ νομίμων γάμων, One born of a Citizen, and a Wife, or one born in lawful Matrimony (y).

And thofe that were only of the Half-Blood, when they were invested with Freedom, were always reputed inferior, and lefs honourable than thofe that were of the whole; and feveral Marks and Cuftoms they had to diflinguifh them from the others, as particularly, that thofe, who had but one Parent an Athenian, were not allow'd to exercise themselves in any of the Gymnafia, that were frequented by those who had both; but only at the Cynofarges, a Place without the City; and that this was esteem'd a Mark of Difgrace, is evident from the Practice of Themistocles, who was but of the Half. Blood of Athens, and to take away, or at leaft leffen this Diftinction, ufed to engage the noble Athenians to go and perform their Exercises with him (z). In the fame Place there was a Court of Judicature, where Perfons fuipected of having fraudulently infinuated themselves into the Number (u) Avibus p. 602. edit. Amftelod. (w) In Pericle. (x) Caryflius Iscpinov opnuárov. lib III. (y) Homeri Scholiaftes in Iliad V. Julius Pollux lib. III. (x) Plutarch. in Themistocle.

and

1

and Privileges of Citizens were arraign'd. This was reputed a very great Offence; infomuch that whoever had Sixn Eevías (fo this Action was term'd) preferr'd against him, was immediately made a close Prifoner, and put in Chains, before he could be brought before the Judges (a). Neither was it a sufficient Vindication to have been once acquitted by his proper Judges. But it was cuftomary to bring the Canfe to a fecond Hearing, before the Thefmothete, if there was any juft Caufe to fufpect, that he had been too favourably treated.

And in order to clear the City of pretended and falfe Members, it was decreed in the second Year of the ninetieth Olympiad, Archias being then Archon, that a fri&t Inquifition fhould be made into Caufes of this Nature by Men of the fame Borough with the Criminal. This Inquifition was term'd Aiapiors, and perform'd in the following Method (6). When any Perfon was accufed, the Anuarx, or Prefect of the Borough (Añu) to whofe Cuftody was committed the anξιαρχικόν γραμματείον, or Publick Regifer of the Citizens, convened together the Members of his Borough (nusta.) Then the Names of all the Citizens of that Borough being recited out of the Register, the Criminal was obliged to fignify the particular geargia, or Ward, whereof he pretended himself a Member, and to prove his Right of Succeffi- ́ on by fufficient Witneffes. Or in Cafe he claim'd his Freedom from the Gift of the People, and not by Inheritance, the publick Decree of the popular Affembly, whereby his Privilege had been conferr'd, was to be produced. Then the nuóru, having first taken an Oath to determine according to the Rules of Juftice, and maturely deliberated upon the Evidence, privately gave their Opinions, in doing which they commonly used Leaves or Beans. If the white Beans were found fuperior in Number, the Prifoner was acquitted: But if the Black appear'd to be moft numerous, then he was deprived of his Freedom, and after that call'd doniou, as the Action of condemning him was term'd dongrois (c). And this Verdict was to be given in before Sun-fet; the Confequence whereof was this, that the Perfon deprived of his Freedom should be reckon'd amongst the MeTool, Sojourners. But if he would not acquiefce in the Determination of his own Borough, an Appeal was granted to the Thefmotheta, who having affign'd proper Judges to hear his Appeal, he was either reftored to his Family; or, if the former Sentence appear'd to be just and well grounded, he was fold for a Slave.

Farther, to prevent all Frauds and Contentions of this Nature, all Fathers were obliged to enroll their Sons in the Regifter of their particular φρατρία, term d κοινὸν γραμματεΐον.. At which Time they made Oath, that every Son fo registered was either born to them in lawful Matrimony, or lawfully adopted (d). Notwithstanding which, the gpáropes, or Members of that Ward, had the Liberty of rejecting any Perfon, against whom fufficient Evidence appear'd, concerning which they voted by private Suffrages (e). Yet if any Perfon was unjustly

(a) Demofthenes & Ulpianus in Timocrat. (b) Harpocration. Olympiad, defcriptor anonymus. (c) Demofthenes in Eubul. Pollux, lib. VIII, Hefych. Suidas. (d) Ijæus de Appollodori hæred. (e) Demofthenes in Mecart.

rejected