CONTENTS

PART I

CLEARING THE GROUND

CHAPTER I

CAPITALISM AND SOCIALISM

The Means of Life-Their Sources-Monopoly-Tyranny-Inequality-No Legal

Right to Life-Inherited Mastery and Servitude-Collectivism-Democracy-Equal-

ity-Under Socialism-Summary.

CHAPTER II

FIRST PRINCIPLES

In the Beginning-The Struggle for Existence The Collective Struggle-Con-

stant Changes and Survivals-The Higher from the Lower Forms-Argument for

the Theory of Development-The Human Embryo-Rudimentary Survivals-The

Record of the Rocks-The Time Required-Confirmation by the Astronomers-

Conclusions-Summary.

CHAPTER III

PRIMITIVE LIFE

Savagery, Barbarism and Civilization-The Order of Development-Object Les-

sons in History-Primitive Man Not Helpless-The Roots of Civilization-The

Struggle for Existence Fundamental-The Human Brain With Both Base and

Dome-Higher Activities Not Denied-The Crucifixion of the Worthlest and the

Survival of the Best Adapted-Darwin, Spencer, Marx-Summary.

CHAPTER IV

THE ORDER OF PRIMITIVE PROGRESS

First Period, Man With Only His Inheritance From His Animal Ancestry-

Second Period, Fire-Third Period, Bow and Arrow-Fourth Period, Pottery-Fifth

Period, Taming the Animals-Sixth Period, Iron-Primitive Products and Inven-

tions-Barbarian Expansion-Seventh Period, The Alphabet, War, Slavery and the

Class Struggle-Whence Slavery-The Hunter and the Soldier-Robbing the Rob-

bers-Subjection of Women-Achievements of Primitive Society-Mechanical An-

cestry-Brotherhood-Economia Classes-Slaves and Soldiers-Summary.

CHAPTER V

A SUMMARY OF PART FIRST

PART II

THE EVOLUTION OF CAPITALISM

CHAPTER VI

SLAVERY

Evolution-The Struggle for Land-Tribes Enslaved-The Social and the Mill-

tary The City, Politics and Militarism-Conquered Tribes and Private Lands-

Not the Oldest Form of Labor-Traditions-Roman Law-Primitive Democracies-

Old Words for Slave-Primitive Burials-Indians Without Slaves-Negroes Not

Originally in Slavery-Cruelties-Products of Slave Labor-Slavery in the United

States-Destroyed by War, Wage System Pays Better-White Slavery in America

-Selling Negroes to Themselves-The Slave Dealing North-Slave Labor Unprof-

itable-Wage System Impossible Under Barbarism-Emancipation Forbidden-

Summary.

CHAPTER VII

SERFDOM

Workmen Born, Not Captured-The Serf's Home-The Slave Market-Ger-

manic Tribes in Southern Europe-In Teutonic and Celtic Countries-Thorold

Rogers on the Fifteenth Century-Denial of Political Power-Serfdom in America

-Slavery and Serfdom-Vice, Cruelty and Greed-The Masters Make the Change

to Serfdom-Transition Most Obscure-Slaves Could Not-Masters Did-Summary.

CHAPTER VIII

THE WAGE SYSTEM

Slavery, Serfdom and the Wage System-Industrial Discipline-The Struggle

for Land Again-Expansion Inevitable-Widening Peaceful Territory-Jealousies

-Divine Right of Kings-The Towns-Better Roads, More Trade-Robber Barons-

Free Cities-The Modern City-The Growing Market- Gun Powder-Worthless

Castles, the King's Soldiers-Discharged Soldiers and Evicted Serfs-The Wage

System-The Class War-Peddlers, Merchants and Helpless Workers-New

Countries-Printing-The Industrial Revolt Against the Church-Commerce-Poll-

tical Economy and the Factory Towns-Wage System Came by Choice of the

Masters, the Workers were Helpless-Could Have Had Slaves-A Long Evolution-

Summary.

CHAPTER IX

THE ERA OF INVENTION AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Lands, Slaves, Tools-The Earth Not Restored-Arrested Growth-Slavery and

Inventions-Militarism and Politics-Culmination of Growth of Tools, Organization

and Conquest-Machinery-The Free Cities, the American Frontier and Inventions

-Industrial Occupation and Inventions-Tools and Machines-The Industrial

Revolution-The Organization of Industry and Inventions-Power Machinery,

Connecting Machinery and Machine Tools-The Skilled Worker and Machinery-

The Displacement of Labor-Loss of Solidarity-Individual Deliverance-Workers

Again Bound to Their Class-The Strong Men, to Save Themselves Must Save

Their Class-Summary.

CHAPTER X

THE TRUST, THE WORLD-MARKET AND IMPERIALISM

Evolution of the Corporation-Victory of the Big Machines-A Wider Market

-Bankruptcy and Consolidation-The Trust-Consolidation Without Bankruptcy-

The Trust at Work-Closing Factories-Looking for Investments-Economies of

the Trust-Monopoly and the Trust-The International Trust-The World Market

The Trust at Work-Closing Factories-Looking for Investments-Economies of

Surviving Factory-International Strikes and Trusts-The Tariff, the Trust and

the Shanghai Factory-No Possible Competitor-Cornered at Last-Imperialism-

Choosing a Flag to Starve Under-Imperialism, Militarism, Expansion, Capital-

ism-Summary.

CHAPTER XI

THE COLLAPSE OF CAPITALISM

The Culmination-Surplus Products-The Foreign Market-Losing the Market-

Purchasing Power-Commercial Suicide-The Collapse-The Bankrupt Trusts-

Played to a Finish-Compulsory Idleness-The Class War-Benevolent Feudalism

-Inner Circle Unable to Keep the Peace, Disguise Its Crimes or Defend Itself-

Summary.

CHAPTER XII

A SUMMARY OF PART SECOND

PART III

THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIALISM

CHAPTER XIII

COLLECTIVISM, DEMOCRACY AND EQUALITY

Capitalism Not the Invention of Capitalists-Socialism Not the Invention of
Socialists-Underlying Principles-Inherent in the Nature of Things-In Care of
Young-In Primitive Groups-In the Nations-In Business-Democracy-In an
Organism-In Reproduction-Unanimous Agreement-Democratic Armies Col-
lectivism and Democracy-Equality-Primitive Equality-The Just Powers of
Government-The Concern of All-Summary.

CHAPTER XIV

COLLECTIVISM, DEMOCRACY AND EQUALITY-(Continued).

Things in Common-Village Communities-Slave Associations-Ancient Trade
Untons-The Early Church-The Free Cities-Fraternal Societies-Modern Labor
Unions-Working Class Solidarity-Monopoly-The Whole is Greater Than Any
of Its Parts-Sanitary Conditions-Conclusions-Summary.

CHAPTER XV

COLLECTIVISM IN THE OWNERSHIP OF THE EARTH

Belongs to Man-Belongs to All Men-Biblical Authority- The Scientific De-

fense The Monopolist and Nature-The Beginning-The Forming of the Planets

-The Making of the Earth's Surface The Beginning and the Ending-Not a

Question of Intentions-Evolution-Pre-conscious Development-The Right of the

Most Conscious-Man and the Rest of Nature-The Earth and Man-The Plant

and Its Flower-Mutual Adaptation-Monopoly and Collectivism-Private Titles

Based on Force-The Evil of Monopoly-Inherent in the Nature of Things-Sum-

mary.

CHAPTER XVI

RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL DEMOCRACIES

The Fall of Democracy-The Struggle for Democracy-Political Democracies
Among Industrial Masters-The Early Church-Ecclesiastical Rebels-Calvinistic
Churches-The Windsor Constitution-American Industrial and Political Dem-
ocracy-Lincoln on Labor and Capital-The Populist Party-A Shop Without a
Boss-The Plutocrat, the Democrat and Socialism-Summary.

CHAPTER XVII

MODERN SCIENCE AND SOCIALISM

Modern Science-The Wickedness of Growth-Old Records-Recent Investiga-

tions-Law of Social Growth-The Social Compact-Taken for Granted-"Abroga-

tion of Contracts"-New Life Must Abrogate Old Forms-Science the Shackle

Breaker-Science and Inventions-In Manufactures-In Agriculture-Growing

Toward Socialism-Sanitary Science-Science and Crime-Uncultivated Fruits-

Uncultivated Grains-Uncultivated Men-Conscious Selection and Socialism-

Summary.

CHAPTER XVIII

MACHINE PRODUCTION AND COLLECTIVISM

Aristotle on Machinery-Joint Ownership and Use-Co-operation Necessary-

Drudgery Unnecessary-Machinery and the World Market-Concentration and

Private Ownership-Easy Transition to Collective Ownership-A Hired Manage-

ment-Beginnings of Future Forms of Organization-Industrial Departments in

the Government-Labor Organizations and the Departments-Labor Organizations

and Political Power-Transforming the Government-The Evolution of Socialism-

Summary.

UTOPIAS,

COLONIES,

CHAPTER XIX

CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES AND SCIENTIFIC

SOCIALISM

Dreams Which Nations Dream-Ancestry- Communism and Socialism-
Primeval Survivals-A New Defense for Old Proposals-Before the Doctrine of
Evolution-On a Small Scale-Service of the Utopians-Benefits of Co-operation-
Co-operative Stores-Co-operative Communities-Chances for Unity-Waiting for
Returns-Under Suspicion-Enmity of the Courts-Bishop Hill-Ruskin Colony-

Greatest Enterprises Out of Reach-An Unequal Battle-World-Wide Conflict-

Co-operative Organization a

Corporations Perform Public Functions-A Township Against a Continent-The

Public Function-Socialists and Co-operators-AI

Evolution of Socialism-Summary.

CHAPTER XX

THE GROWTH OF THE SENSE OF SOLIDARITY OF THE RACE

Tribal Solidarity-A Completer Individuality-Primitive Ignorance of Earth
and Man-World Conquest and
All Nations to Trade With Them-Modern Industry-Vital Race Relationships-The
Race Solidarity-The Great Religions-Into

Warm Blood Current of the Race Life-United Testimony of the Sciences-The

Poets and Prophets-Industry and Politics Must Develop with the Race Life-

Highest Incentive to Action-Capitalism Outgrown-Socialism and Solidarity-

Capitalism the Builder of Socialism-Summary.

the

CHAPTER XXI

Class

Wars,

Wars

Prevailing Morals-The

Con-

THE IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT

The Economic Classes-Fixing

Conflicts Between

the Class Lines-All

Evolution

Exploiters-Ruling Classes

of the Class Struggle-Conflicting Economic Interests-Class

and

sciousness-The Irrepressible Warfare-The Evolution of Socialism-Summary.

CHAPTER XXII

THE COLLAPSE OF CAPITALISM AND THE TRIUMPH OF SOCIALISM

The Inevitable Collapse-If Capitalism Remains-Need Not Remain-Failure

of Incentive Under Capitalism-Producing for the Products-Filling the Store-

house with Leisure for All-End of Monopoly, Tyranny and Inequality-Conclu-

sions-Summary.

PART IV

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC QUESTIONS OF CONTROVERSY BETWEEN

CAPITALISTS AND SOCIALISTS

CHAPTER XXIII

FOR WHAT PURPOSES MAY THE STATE EXIST

and

and

The Struggle to Survive-Government a Factor in the Struggle to Survive-

Self Preservation-The Social Struggle-The Abuse of Power-Class Rule and

Self-Government-Public Powers

Business Enterprises-Industrial

Controlled to be Abused-The Government

the Government-Socialism Will Deliver the State from the Hands of Its Foes-

and Political Self-Government-Socialism

Do Socialists Propose the Abuse of Public Power-Individuality Established and

Defended Under Socialism-The End of the Oppressor-Summary.

CHAPTER XXIV

ASSUMPTIONS IN ECONOMICS

The Economists-The English School-The

Science"-The Field of Study-May Learn the Next Step-Is Capitalism Natural

Historical School-"The Dismal

-Capitalism of Recent Origin-The Origin of Capital-Walker's Account-Theories

Facing Facts-John Stuart Mill and the Duke of Argyll- War the Origin of Capital

-The Right to Buy and Sell-Labor

Justice-Letting Things Alone-"The Iron Law of Wages"-Summary.
a Commodity-Self Interest-Economic

CHAPTER XXV

THEORIES OF VALUE

The Exhange of Products-Power in Exchange-The Economists and Socialism

-All Theories Lead to Socialism-Theories of Value-Utility-Scarcity-Difficulty

of Attainment-"Competitive and Socialistic"-Labor and the Produce of Labor-

Marginal Utility-Labor

Demand-Service for Service-Monopoly and Value-Theft Not Exchange-Who,
and Machinery-Justifying Exploitation Supply and

Not What, Produces Value-The Share of Nature-Machinery-Human Energy

and the Landlord, the Capitalist and the Laborer-The Record of Tyranny-

Summary.

CHAPTER XXVI

JUSTICE IN EXCHANGE (THE MONEY QUESTION)

The Origin of Money-The Necessity for Money-Not at First the Creation

of Law-Earliest Forms of Money-Necessary Qualities-Its Functions-A Medium

of Exchange-A Measure of Value-Value-A Common Quality of All Goods-

Applying the Measure-Both Medium and Measure-A Standard for Deferred

Payments-Debtor and Creditor-The Relation Between Other Things and Dol-

lars-Bank Made Money-The Multiple Standard-No Solution Under Capitalism—

Summary.

CHAPTER XXVII

THEORIES OF POPULATION

The Law of Increase-The Struggle to Exist-Limited Powers of Production-
Increasing and Diminishing Returns-When the Last Acre is in Use In the
Year 2400 The Gloomiest Page in Economics-An Old Problem-Absurd Proposals
to Limit Population-A Knowledge of Natural Causes-Over Population Unneces-
sary-Safe Conditions Impossible under Capitalism-Forbidding the Poor to
Marry-Genius and the Poor Giving the World to the Backward Races-
Capitalism Unable to Use the Earth-Unable to Develop Its Resources-Pestilence
and Famine No Relief-Socialism and the Causes of Over Population-Maternal
Distress-Over Work and Mental Neglect-Self-Control-Can Use the Earth-
Make the Desert Blossom-The Unwelcome Child.

CHAPTER XXVIII

RENT, INTEREST AND PROFIT

The Joint Producers-The Landlord-The Capitalist-The Manager-The
Laborer-The Division of Products-What is Rent-The Single Tax-Fixed Im-
provements-Land Titles and Other Property-Socialists and the Single Tax-
Unearned Benefits-Who Pays the Rent-No Escape-The Appeal to Conscience-
"Indemnification" for "Unearned Benefits"-Buying One's Own Birthright-
Services and Limitations of the Single Tax-Thrift, Saving and Interest-Risk-
Share of the Profits-Profit and Superintendence The Skillfully Managed-The
Laborer's Right Unstated-The Real Question-The Answer-The Prison House
of Toll-The Way Out is Socialism.

PART V

CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PUBLIC INTEREST AND SOCIALISM

CHAPTER XXIX

FINE ARTS AND SOCIALISM

What is Art-The Industrial and the Fine Arts-Word Pictures and Oratory-
Form and Color-Life, Love and Art-Joy of Life the Source of Art-Capitalism
Cuts Off the Sources of Art-Loss of Leisure-"Worn Out"-Deaf and Blind-
Patronage and Monopoly-Natural Beauty and Commercial Ugliness-Never Seeing
the World-Art is Social-The Art Gallery and the Market Place-Art and the
Fashion Plates-Wrecking the Masterpiece-Capitalism Doing Its Best-Strength
and Beauty-Artists Are Socialists-Summary.

CHAPTER XXX

RELIGION AND SOCIALISM

The Thinking Animal-Oldest Instincts-Moving and Motionless-Living and

Dead-The Breath of Life-The Origin of Worship-Fetishism, the Worship of

Things Polytheism, or Many Masters of Groups of Things-One Good and One

Evil Spirit, Masters of All-Common Grounds of Scholarship of All Creeds-

Evolution of Religion-Beginnings of Organization-Cannibalism-The Families of

Gods The Gods of War-Religion and Slavery-The Jews, the Romans and the

Tribal Gods-The One Military Master and the One God-The Ancient Priesthood

-The Law of Growth-Great Services of the Church-The Unity of All Nature-

The Highest Religion-The Order of Advance-Capitalism and Religion and the

Right to Think-The Mastery of Wealth-The Religious Teacher and His Training

-Work and Worship-The Slaughter of Intelligence-Socialism and Religion-

Religious Convictions a Private Matter-Brotherhood-Supporting the Church-

Boundless Opportunity Under Socialism-Summary.