jection of woman came along with the private appropriation of the natural resources. 3. Again, it will be noticed that in his effort to use the earth and to develop its resources as the means of his support, for a like period, all of the people worked co-operatively both in the hunting, fishing and fighting, by the men, and in the cultivation of the soil and the development of household industries, by the women, both of which groups lived and worked under practical industrial democracies. 4. It is seen that this common possession of portions of the earth and the co-operative use of this natural working plant by groups of kinsmen, were both destroyed by slavery which was established in the world by war, and that the wars came because of economic necessity. 5. It was under co-operative labor and common ownership of productive property that the whole line of discoveries and achievements were effected which make up the triumphs of primitive society. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Name the great periods of man's history and mention the particular events which have marked the beginning of each. 2. What was characteristic of the life of man at the beginning of Savagery? 3. What was the occasion for the first division of labor? 4. What was the form of the first social organization and of the first family? 5. Trace the nation back through the simpler organizations out of which it has grown. 6. Trace the family in the same manner. 7. During what periods did co-operative industry and the common ownership of productive property exist, and how were they over thrown? 8. What was the relation of slavery to barbarian war? 9. State some of the achievements of primitive industry. 10. Name fruits, grains, animals and tools in use at the beginning of civilization. 11. How do the achievements of primitive society compare with modern inventions? 12. Whence came the sentiment of brotherhood? 13. What things marked the beginning of civilization? CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF PART FIRST 62. A Summary of Part First.-1. Society is divided into economic classes: One class is composed of masters, the other class is composed of servants. 2. The basis of this mastery and servitude, and the resulting dependence and poverty of the many is found in the private ownership and private control of the means of producing the means of life. 3. In the study of current institutions, it is necessary to look for their origins, in the usages of the earlier forms of social life. 4. This method of investigation is the scientific method. It is simply the theory of evolution applied to the study of social and economic problems. 5. Following this method it is found that, thus far, in the life of the race, the world has been so incompletely mastered and industry has been so inadequately organized, as to require the expenditure of so large a share of human energy in the battle for life, that it may fairly be said that the economic factors have been the dominant factors in human life. 6. During the primitive life of the race, economic development did not take the form of class struggles. Nevertheless, each great advance in man's improve ment during this period was the result of an economic cause--for example, the discovery of the use of fire, the invention of the bow and arrow, the making of pottery, the domestication of animals, the smelting of iron and the invention of the alphabet, have been seen to have been events of epoch-making power and importance. 7. The barbarian inter-tribal wars resulted in making masters of some tribes and slaves of others, and in this way made a beginning of the economic class war. 8. Great advances were made during savagery and barbarism, and throughout the many thousands of years of these periods, there were no economic masters or economic dependents; government was based on kinship and mutual interest, and both co-operative labor and collective ownership prevailed throughout this primitive life of the race, and ceased only with the coming of slavery and the subjection of woman, both of which were caused by war. PART II THE EVOLUTION OF CAPITALISM CHAPTER VI SLAVERY 63. Evolution.-In the study of the evolution of capitalism, it should be borne in mind that capitalism, in its modern form, had its roots in the life of primitive society. The complete story of the evolution of capitalism would involve the whole story, thus far, of the social development of the race. Single effects are not results of single causes.1 All social causes, in proportion to their power, co-operate together in the production of all social effects. Each effect in its 1. Unfortunately, few historians have thought it worth while to study seriously the economic factors in the history of nations. They have contented themselves with the intrigues and amusements of courtiers and kings, the actions of individual statesmen or the destructive feats of military heroes. They have often failed to explain properly the great causes which necessitated the results they claim to investigate. But just as it is impossible to understand the growth of England without a proper appreciation of the social and industrial events which rendered that growth possible, and provided the expenses which that growth entailed, so it will be impossible to proceed in the future without a systematic study of econmic and industrial affairs. For the great political questions of the day are becoming more and more economic questions."-Gibbons: Industry in England, p. 473. turn becomes a social cause for further social effects. Hence the chain of the development of capitalism may be traced backward throughout the life of the race. Nevertheless, it can be fairly said that the leading features of capitalism-that is, private monopoly in the ownership, private tyranny in the management, and inequality of opportunity in the use of the means of producing the means of life-made their beginning in the world with the coming of slavery. But slavery came as the direct result of the inter-tribal barbarian wars and the military usurpation of the barbarian chieftains, and thus the seeds of capitalism were rooted in barbarism. In fact, when civilization succeeded barbarism, the passion for the ownership of things had become the dominant passion of the race,2 64. The Struggle for Land.—The permanent possession of the herds and lands by the tribes, had become of the most vital importance as a means of life. The growing tribes had struggled with each other as they had trespassed on each other's territory.3 Inter 2. Morgan: Ancient Society pp. 6, 540. 3. "The first step in the struggle of races is that of the conquest of one race by another. Among races that have pushed their boundaries forward until they meet and begin to overlap war usually results. If one race has devised superior weapons or has greater strategic abilities than the other it will triumph and become a conquering race. The other race drops into the position of a conquered race. The conquering race holds the conquered race down and makes it tributary to itself. At the lowest stages of this process there was practical extermination of the conquered race. The Hebrews were scarcely above this stage in their wars upon the Canaanites, but that seems to have been a special outburst of savagery in a considerably advanced race. The lowest savages are mostly cannibals. After the carnivorous habit had been formed, the eating of human flesh was a natural consequence of the struggle of the races. The most primitive wars were scarcely more than hunts, in which man was the mutual game of both contending parties. But at a later and higher stage head hunting, cannibalism, and the extermination of the conquered race, were gradually replaced by different forms of slavery. Success in conquering weaker races tended to develop predatory or military races, and the art of organizing armies received special attention. Such armies were at length used to make war on remote races, who were thus conquered and held under strong military power. Here the conquered would so greatly outnumber the conquering that extermination |