because they cannot earn as much somewhere else will disappear entirely from the school room. The long hours of leisure which co-operation will win for the workers will restore the parents to their children and the play hour to the home. The study hour of the fireside and the work of the school will so mingle with each other that it will be impossible to name the place where one ceases and the other begins.

572. The Ideals of the Schools and the Tasks of Real Life.-Under Socialism it will no longer be true that the ideals cherished in the schools must be abandoned in the doing of life's harder tasks, for whenever industry is so organized that no one will be able to exact the services of others, except those who will render services in return and, hence, so that no one shall be able to provide for himself in the most effective manner without at the same time he shall contribute to the welfare of all; when this is true, it will not need to be said again, as President Hall said in Detroit, that "there is no place in actual life for the choicest products of the worthiest schools."

573. Summary.-1. Capitalism converts the schools into training schools for training masters and slaves. 2. It takes the children from the schools for service in the shops.

3. It makes impossible life-long study for both the. workers and their hired masters.

4. It falsifies and prostitutes the text books, enforces base ideals and so misleads the youth in the name of education.

5. Socialism will reverse all this. It will make an end of mastery and servitude. It will provide for all a life-long opportunity for study and all motives leading either the writers of text books or the teachers to misstate the facts of history or to betray the highest interests of society will cease to exist.

REVIEW QUESTIONS.

What is education?

By what means did the old education seek to improve mankind? 3. How did the coming of capitalism affect education?

1.

2.

4.

What is meant by "the new education"?

5. How are the master and the serving classes related to the schools?

6. How are the employments of the shop and market related to the schools?

7. Quote G. Stanley Hall.

8. What of the effect of commercialism on the life of the schools? 9. What of the school books and capitalism?

10. What of the Jamestown experiment?

11. What of child labor and illiteracy?

12. What of the relation of the school and the home?

13. What chance has a workingman for general study?

14. How will the coming of Socialism affect the problem of education?

CHAPTER XXXII

THE FARMER AND SOCIALISM

574. Untaken Land.-Karl Marx has spoken nowhere with greater clearness than in the thirty-third chapter of his "Capital," when calling attention to the peculiar position of the farmers in North America and in the Colonies as compared with the farmers in the older European countries. He not only illustrates but clinches his argument with the famous Swan River experiment in Australia, where a quarter of a million of dollars' worth of supplies in the shape of cattle, seeds and implements were sent to a new country, accompanied by three thousand emigrants and where, because of the untaken land, each man could work for himself and have the whole of his products. All refused to work as "hired hands" and the whole property was lost for lack of laborers.1

575. America Before the Civil War.-For more than two hundred years a steady stream of immigrants

1. "First of all Wakefield discovered that in the Colonies, property in money, means of subsistence, machines and other means of production, does not as yet stamp a man as a capitalist if there be wanting the correlative-the wage worker, the other man who is compelled to sell himself of his own free will. He discovered that capital is not a thing, but a social relation between persons, established by the instrumentality of things. Mr. Peel, he moans, took with him from England

came to America. They landed with but scanty resources. But their earnings for a short time as "hired hands" made possible a beginning of their own, on lands of their own, and, so, for all this time, the wages of labor made a nearer approach to the value of the products of labor than was possible in European countries. The immigrant who had been here but a short time, on becoming himself a self-employed farmer, made way in the labor market for the more recent arrivals. While the supply from abroad occasionally gave the Atlantic cities an over supply of wage workers, the outlet in the West was so constant that not until recent years (Marx says, not until after the Civil War) was the supply of labor so in excess of the demand as to bring to America the capitalistic situation as related to the supply of wage workers and together with it the rule of capitalism as related to land as a means of production.2

576. The Disappearing Wage Worker.-While land was cheap and plentiful, and the tools of agriculture

to Swan River, West Australia, means of subsistence and of production to the amount of £50,000 ($250,000). Mr. Peel had the foresight to bring with him, besides, 3,000 persons of the working class, men, women and children. Once arrived at his destination, 'Mr. Peel was left without a servant to make his bed or fetch him water from the river.' Unhappy Mr. Peel, who provided for everything except the export of English modes of production to Swan River."-Karl Marx: Capital, pp. 791-792.

2. "Meanwhile the advance of capitalistic production in Europe, accompanied by increasing government pressure, has rendered Wakefield's recipe superfluous. On the one hand, the enormous and ceaseless stream of men, year after year driven upon America, leaves behind a stationary sediment in the east of the United States, the wave of immigration from Europe throwing men on the labor market there more rapidly than the wave of emigration westwards can wash them away. On the other hand, the American Civil War brought in its train a colossal national debt, and, with it, pressure of taxes, the rise of the vilest financial aristocracy, the squandering of a huge part of the public land on speculative companies for the exploitation of railways, mines, etc., in brief, the most rapid centralization of capital. The great republic has, therefore, ceased to be the promised land for emigrant laborers. Capitalistic production advances there with giant strides, even though the lowering of wages and the dependence of the wage worker are as yet far from being brought down to the normal European level."-Karl Marx: Capital, p. 799.

were simple and inexpensive, the wage workers who came to this country were constantly disappearing by becoming small farmers, that is, workers with sufficient property of their own to employ their own labor but with neither the capital nor with the surplus labor at hand to enable them to become the capitalistic exploiters of the labor of others. Their property was the result of their own industry and saving and was used for their own employment and support. This was in strong contrast to the capitalist system where capital is the accumulation by the few of the products of the many, with the many wholly dependent on the few for the opportunity to create a living.

577. Independent Self-Support.-These free selfemploying farmers not only produced their own food, but for more than a hundred and fifty years they were practically the only manufacturers as well.3 They produced on their own farms their own clothing, boots, shoes, furniture and fuel, built their own houses, and with rude tools and scant returns lived their own free life. That is, they did, without equipment and without organization, exactly what Socialism demands they shall have an opportunity to do again, become their own employers and have for their own reward the total product of their own labor, but with the added oppor

3. "The first threshing machine was not invented till 1786; the cast-iron wheeled plow, the drill, the potato digger, the reaper and binder, the hay-raker, the corn-cutter, are not fifty years old. The Massachusetts farmer who witnessed the revolution plowed his land with the wooden 'bull plow,' sowed his grain broadcast, and, when it was ripe, cut it with a scythe, and threshed it on his barn floor with a flail. His house was without paint; his floors were without carpet. When darkness came on his light was derived from a few candles of home manufacture. The place of furnaces and stoves was supplied by huge cavernous fireplaces which took up one side of the room, and, sending half the smoke into the apartment, sent half the heat up the chimney."McMaster: History of the People of the United States, Vol. I., p. 18.

4. "In a paper, called 'Cause of and Cure for Hard Times,' published in 1787, an honest old farmer is made to say: 'At this time my farm gave me and my whole family a good living on the produce of it, and left me, one year with another, one hundred and fifty silver dollars, for