only is the church dependent on the masters for its support, but the pastors and teachers are largely educated at the expense of these same masters, and while the highest motives may suggest these expenditures and no pressure of any conscious sort be exerted by the benefactor of these schools, it is impossible for teachers of religion to come to their positions as teachers at the expense of these masters of the market and not be strongly, if unconsciously, influenced to look with mild censure, if not approval on the crimes of the market which have made possible the endowment of the schools. 548. Work and Worship.-Work and worship cannot be characteristic of the common life so long as great wealth delivers the few from the responsibility of self-support and drives the many to overwork, to long hours, to evil associations, to unsanitary conditions, to ignorance and to the conscious bearing of great wrongs at the hands of the very people whom the church "delights to honor." 549. The Slaughter of Intelligence.-Intelligence, not ignorance, is the handmaid of religion. The really religious are ruled by their understanding, not by their superstitions. Prejudice is not piety. A refusal to think is no proof of holiness. Inability to think is inability to worship. No other thing in the life of the race has so smitten the common life with personal dependence and mental helplessness as modern capitalism in its most modern form. Its attack on the intelligence and self-possession of the common people is most destructive of any rational faith. It is itself the very essence of irreligion. 550. Socialism and Religion.-Socialists make no attack on religion. They make no attack on the church. The Socialists' proposals are the only economic proposals ever made not in outright violation of the principles of religion. 551. Religious Convictions a Private Matter.— While the Socialists contend that religion is a private matter with which it is not their purpose in any way to interfere, nevertheless the proposals of the Socialists will deliver society from many things which are inherent in capitalism and are the greatest foes of religion. Mastery and servitude are forbidden by religion. They are inherent in capitalism. They will be impossible under Socialism. 552. Brotherhood.-Brotherhood is commanded by religion. It is impossible under capitalism.17 It will be inevitable under Socialism. When men cease to rob each other in the market they will enter easily and surely into the natural relations of real brothers. Justice between man and man is commanded by religion. Capitalism cannot exist without injustice. Its maxim is "Every man for himself." The struggle for Socialism is a struggle for justice in economic relations.1 18 553. Supporting the Church.-The church builds her cathedrals and palaces and extends her enterprises to the ends of the earth. But her most splendid architecture is but a makeshift and her world-wide enterprises a small affair as compared with what the willing hands of willing workers would do for the churches of their choice were the poor, who even now so largely support the churches which the masters so largely rule, 17. "Our national religion is the performance of church ceremonies, and preaching of soporific truths (or untruths) to keep the mob quietly at work while we amuse ourselves.”—Ruskin, quoted by Kidd: Social Evolution, p. 89. } "No individual competitor can lay down the rules of the combat. No individual can safely choose the higher plane so long as his opponent is at liberty to fight on a lower."-Webb: Problems of Modern Industry, p. 249. 18. "How far is it possible to open up to all the material means of a refined and noble life? *Much has been said of the physical sufferings and ill-health caused by over-crowded dwellings, but the mental and moral ill-health due to them are greater evils still. With better house room and better food, with less hard work and more leisure, the great mass of our people would have the power of leading a life quite unlike that which they must lead now, a life far higher and far more noble."-Marshall: Present Position of Economics, pp. 54-7. once given for their own disposal the total products of their toil. 554. Boundless Opportunity.-Under Socialism the library, the laboratory, the university, the service of the church the opportunity to study and to understand and that for all the years of youth and for long hours of every day throughout one's lifetime, without the corruption of mastery or the humiliation of servitude of any form will at last be realized for all. 555. Summary.-1. Capitalism is the foe of religion. This is true for the following reasons: (a) It enforces mastery and servitude in violation of the requirements of brotherhood. (b) It makes inevitable such ignorance and disorder among its victims as makes most difficult if not impossible any rational religious activity. (c) It robs the masses of both time and strength for religious duties. (d) It corrupts morals by enforcing in the shop and market business maxims utterly at variance with the precepts of all the great religions. (e) It corrupts the life of the people by making the livelihood of the teachers of religion depend on the good will of those whose personal profits depend upon the betrayal of the common good. 2. Socialism is neither religious nor irreligious, but it will in no way interfere with the religion of any, while it will bring about such conditions in the shop and market as will make possible the greatest religious activity of all those who choose to be religious. This is true for the following reasons: (a) It will abolish mastery and servitude in the shop and market; the betrayal of a brother for the sake of a living will never again be necessary. (b) Involuntary ignorance and the resulting conditions of disorder will disappear. (c) There will be time and strength for all for any desirable undertaking aside from earning a living. There will be time and strength for religious purposes. (d) All men will earn their living under a system which will not itself exist in violation of the precepts of religion. (e) No teacher of religion will need to be the personal dependent of those more fortunate than himself. (f) The resources of all the people will be sufficient to enable them at once to abolish the religious beggar and, from ample stores, provide for all the needs of the most ambitious undertakings of the church. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What was the original meaning of the word man? What is meant by instinct? What is thought to be the origin of the instincts? 2. What was man's first guide and why was he, by his instincts, at war with his surroundings? 3. What is thinking? What was man's first general classification of the things he compared? Why do you think so? 4. Why should he think all moving things to be alive? What did he first worship? Why would he do so? 5. What was the first advance in religion? By what process did men pass from worship of the things to the worship of the masters of things? 6. Why was the passage from the worship of many gods to the worship of one God hard to make? In what way did men account for the seeming contradictions in nature after accepting the belief in one God? 7. While fetishism, the worship of things, was the prevailing religion, what about the forms of social organization? 8. In what way was religion changed when men had come to live in organized tribes and to have chiefs among them? 9. In what way was the worship of many gods related to slavery? 10. When the absolutism of the Roman military government had been established, what change took place in the worship of the gods? Why could not the change have taken place before? 11. What happened to the church everywhere on the collapse of feudalism? 12. Name some of the great services which ecclesiastical organizations have rendered to society. 13. When did the leisure class and the priestly orders first appear? 14. When slavery and war everywhere divided the world between soldiers and slaves, to which side did the priest of the ancient religions belong? 15. How was the unity of all nature at last established? What now is known to be the law of life? 16. In what ways does capitalism affect the church? CHAPTER XXXI EDUCATION AND SOCIALISM 556. The Old Education.-Education may be said to be the discovery and application of those laws of life which make for man's improvement.1 Under the old order of things the education of man was a priestly function. The priesthood taught the slaves submission, taught the soldier obedience, and explained their relations of dependence and all misery as the divine order of things, bitter to endure, but necessary in order to escape greater woes in this life or for man's probation and training for the world to come. 557. The Business Education.-In the separation of education from the functions of the church, the rise of modern capitalism was the chief factor.2 The idea of 1. "The ideal of the Prussian National System is given shortly as 'the harmonious and equitable evolution of the human powers'; at more length, in the words of Stein, 'by a method based on the nature of the mind, every power of the soul to be unfolded, every crude principle of life stirred up and nourished, all one-sided culture avoided, and the impulses on which the strength and worth of men rests, carefully attended to."-Bain: Education as a Science, p. 1; and Donaldson: Lectures on Education, p. 38. 2. "Education did not have a complete and beautiful development. It was unworthily enslaved to other interests, and both in theory and |