page 122 of his Letters, from Justin Martyr; 8 owenpos nμor Iros Xpisana verμalos as. Apolg. i. p. 131. § 79. Ashton's edit. As you yourself have used μ ay, as a personal noun, in the second example of your second rule, taken from Luke ii. 26, you cannot but consider this passage of Justin as conforming to all your limitations, and as perfectly unobjectionable every way.'

On the example brought by Mr. S. himself to enforce his rule, Mr. B. says:

• Ev Tη Brothug Texr8 xx1 98. Ephes. v. 5.

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Here we must observe, that xpros is not a proper name, but an epithet *. This you allow, calling it (p. 30.) a substantive' (though, by the bye, it is an adjective) of personal description;" and this your limitations oblige you to allow, or you could not consistently here apply your rule. Though you have, notwithstanding, rendered it as a proper name in your corrected version, both in the table of contents, and in the last of your translations given in page 31.

Now Xpros being an epithet, you render the expression quite harsh and intolerable, by making that word relate to the same person as Sos; and that, whether you understand this latter word as a substantive of personal description, which you affirm it to be in page 30, or as a proper name, in which way you translate it in all your versions of this passage, again contradicting yourself with regard to this word as you had before done with regard to the other. How very harsh the phrase becomes by referring the two nouns to one and the same person, cannot but be evident to every one who will but render them literally, as subjects of a proposition, or nominative cases to a verb.

He must be a rude writer indeed, more rude I think than the most rude of the Galilean penmen, who should say: "The anointed and God" (meaning thereby one and the same person) "did so and so." Would any one ever think of expressing himself thus: "The eternal and God" (meaning the same being) created the heavens This would be like a prophane writer's telling us, that "the great and Alexander conquered the world." And you do not at all mend the matter, if you do not make it worse, by translating xas by even. For not to urge that, xa so rendered, not being a copulative, the phrase, strictly speaking, would not come under your rule, we may observe that, according to this rendering, the particle becomes not merely an expletive, but a perfect incumbrance. To say, “In the kingdom of the anointed even God," if one and the same Being be

From a passage in Tertullian, it seems as if it were not fami liarly used as a proper name till about his time. Si tamen nomen est Christus et non appellatio potius; unctus enim significatur. Unctus autem non magis nomen est quam vestitus, quam calceatus, accidens nomini res. Tertull. advers. Prax. c. xxviii. Christus commune dignitatis est nomen, Jesus proprium vocabulum salvatoris. Hieronym. in Matt. xvi. 20. vol. iv.'

intended,

intended, is exactly like saying: "In the contemplation of the divine even Being." Every writer who had that meaning in view, would certainly omit xx, even, as a word that obscured, instead of elucidating, his meaning.'

Not satisfied with shewing that Mr. Sharp's proposed alterations of the common version would be no improvements, Mr. Blunt proceeds to suggest amendments of his own. 2 Thess. i. 12. he would render, "By the blessing of the God of us and the Lord of Jesus Christ,' and 1 Tim. v. 21. Before the God and Lord of Jesus Christ. We as little admire these alterations as those which Mr. S. has recommended. Jesus Christ is called the Lord of his disciples; in John, xiii. 13. our Saviour approves the appellation of Lord or nugies as used towards him by his disciples; and in Phil. ii. 11. every tongue is required to confess οτι Κύριος Ιησές Χριστός: so that we see no reason for this pointed Unitarian gloss, nor any objection to the version as it stands at present. Still less can we subscribe to that which is given by Mr. Blunt as a literal version of 2 Peter i. 1. In the righteousness of the God of us and Saviour of Jesus Christ?'

Instead of attempting to invalidate the accuracy of Mr. Blunt's general strictures and conclusions, Mr. Sharp, in the preface to the third edition of his Remarks, confines himself to lamentations over his antagonist for want of faith, to kindly reprobating his 'Socinian blasphemy' and jacobinical way,' and to intimating a connection between Papists and Socinians for the perversion of the true primitive doctrines. He might, however, as well have talked of a connection between Quakers and Gentoos; and as to the declamation spred through this preface, however serious its aspect, it is a poor substitute for argument.

We abstain from noticing the other contents of these publications.

ART. XIII.

A System of Theoretical and Practical Chemistry; with Plates. By Frederic Accum, teacher of Practical Chemistry, Pharmacy, and Mineralogy, and Chemical Operator in the Royal Institution of Great Britain. 8vo. 2 Vols. pp. about 350 in each. 18s. Boards. Kearsley.

ALTHOUGH this work be little more than an industrious

compilation, it has indisputable claims to the attention of the public; and we have the greater pleasure in seeing elementary treatises of this kind multiplied in our own language, because our neighbours have long claimed a decided superiority in productions of this nature, and our eagerness in translating their works and adopting their innovations seemed a tacit acknowlege

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knowlegement of this boasted pre-eminence. That there does not, however, even at this day, exist any elementary treatise of chemistry which can be said fully to answer the object of rendering this science both easy and popular, any one who is conversant with the subject will be ready to admit. Mr. Accum, therefore, (who professes to write for beginners,) was fully authorized to think that such an attempt, modest as its object appeared to be, might be productive of considerable uti lity; and we shall now proceed to inquire how far he has succeeded in his laudable views, and to what degree he has filled this vacuum in the elementary part of our philosophical studies.

The whole work is divided into parts or chapters, 32 of which are contained in the first volume, and 99 in the second. With regard to the arrangement and division of the subject, we do not remark any thing either new or systematical enough to require much comment or explanation: but our attention was unavoidably caught, at the first view, by the uncommon proportion of paper which is occupied by divisions. and subdivisions, and by formal titles prefixed to every fact, experiment, or observation; as also with the exaggerated display, continually made, of unmeaning symmetry and method, which distresses the reader, and checks his progress by superfluous interruptions.

After having explained the objects and history of chemistry, the general nature of Simple Bodies, and the meaning of their denomination, the author presents us with an enumeration of those bodies, which he divides into such as are and such as are not producible by art. Instead, however, of proceeding according to the order of this enumeration, we are previously led through a large portion of theory and generalities, first to 'some preliminaries on the phænomena of attraction and repulsion in general, and afterward to the laws of attraction, and of cohesion in particular, which he constantly distinguishes by the name of corpuscular attraction, in preference to any more simple or more intelligible term. beginning of our subject, and the laws of chemical affinity At length, we arrive at the are stated and explained. Then follows the subject of heat and light; of which, in imitation of Mr. Davy, the present author forms a grand division, under the head of imponderable substances, in opposition to all the other objects of chemical knowlege which are termed ponderable. Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, (considered not as gases but as radicals) sulphur, phosphorus, and carbon, are successively examined. We then find a chapter on the formation of gases; and immediately afterward, all the gases, whether simple or compound, whe

ther

ther combustible or incombustible, acid or alkaline, are promiscuously treated. These, with a statement of the modern theories of combustion, conclude the first volume.

Above one half of Vol. II. is devoted to the history and properties of metals; and next to these, the earths and alkalies are rapidly examined. The theory of the composition and decomposition of water is here, for the first time, introduced, as being one of the combinations of oxygen with combustible bodies; and this leads us at last to the acids and their principal combinations, through which we are immediately hurried to the end of the work. Before he concludes, however, and without any apology for this excessive haste, the author contents himself with giving what he calls a general view of the chemical phænomena belonging to the vegetable and animal creation, which is in reality little more than an index, and does not altogether occupy above twenty pages.

With regard to the arrangement adopted in this publication, the more we consider it, the less disposed we feel to coincide with the author's views in this respect. We cannot see on what ground he rests his division of simple bodies into those which are producible or nonproducible by art: for no simple substance, in our opinion, can, with strict propriety, he said to be produced by art, since art only extricates or disengages a body from its combinations, but does not produce it. Neither can we reconcile ourselves to a long and elaborate dissertation on the laws of chemical attraction, as an introduction to the elements of chemical science. We know that it has been customary with most writers, and most lecturers, to adopt this plan but it is perhaps the very reason why we so often see intelligent beginners disgusted and discouraged at the first outset. How, for instance, allowing that a beginner should succeed in forming a conception of the laws of chemical attraction, as far as their abstract statement goes; how, we would ask, can it possibly be expected that those experiments and illustrations, which accompany each of these laws, should present any clear or satisfactory idea to his mind? These experiments and illustrations, we are ready to admit, Mr. Accum has often chosen with sagacity and judgment: yet we should have no difficulty in pointing out many instances in which they must be necessarily unintelligible to the beginner; and we can even venture to say that there is scarcely one of these experiments in which we could not find words, or facts, or allusions to facts, to which a novice in chemistry, who has advanced only thus far in the perusal of the work, must be a perfect stranger. When, therefore, the author tells us in his preface that he has 'proceeded from generals to particulars,'

and yet adds that he writes for beginners,' he forgets that this retrograde march of the human mind is an effort of philosophy which cannot reasonably be expected from those whom he professes to teach.

Passing to other divisions of his arrangement, we are glad to find the subject of Heat first introduced; since none can be better calculated, nor is any more indispensably required, for the elucidation of the subsequent portions of the work: but we cannot say that the author appears to us very successful in his view of this important agent. He has certainly laboured greatly to bring together a variety of facts and theories, but he might have effected this object with more clearness and simplicity. Altogether, indeed, we think that this subject is but indifferently arranged and digested. Instead, for instance, of drawing, once for all, a distinct line between the physical and the chemical properties of caloric, he passes from the expanding or dilating power of heat, and its laws of equilibrium and propagation, to the subject of latent and specific heat, and afterward returns to that of radiation.

Another part of Mr. Accum's system of arrangement appears to us very exceptionable. After having treated of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and carbon, instead of acquainting us immediately with the earths, the alkalies, and the formation of acids; and instead of taking the earliest opportunity of introducing us to the fundamental doctrines of combustion, and the composition of water, which are absoJutely required in order to understand the subsequent parts of the work; we are laboriously led through a minute examination of all the gases:-among which we find acids and alkalies (with the nature of which we are totally unacquainted), and a great variety of illustrations and experiments, which the reader must be supposed to be as yet wholly unable to comprehend.

Of the style of this production, we cannot speak either with much praise or much censure. Simplicity is the quality in which it appears to us most deficient; and we have sometimes been induced to regret that, in attempting to elevate his expressions, the author has lost sight of that perspicuity of language which, in every subject, ought to be considered as the first requisite.

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The plates are five in number, and well executed but they are less intended to illustrate any particular part of the text, than to exhibit some improved chemical apparatus, at the head of which Mr. Accum has placed his improved gazometers.

In conclusion, notwithstanding the numerous imperfections which we have pointed out, we are extremely willing to admit that the present work places, in a very favourable light, the industry

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