"Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favorer of learning, I shall not be disappointed, though I should conclude it, if less be possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation.

"My lord, your lordship's most humble and most obedient servant, SAMUEL JOHNSON."

11.

13.

"Triumphal arch! that fill'st the sky

When storms begin to part,

I ask not proud philosophy

To tell me what thou art."-CAMPBELL.

"St. Agnes's Eve! A bitter chill it was!

The owl, for all his feathers, was a-cold."-KEATS.

13. "Half the failures in life arise from pulling in one's horse when he is leaping."-Guesses at Truth.

14.

"Who builds a church to God, and not to fame,
Will never mark the marble with his name."-POPE.

up by the

15. "Some men so dislike the dust kicked generation they belong to, that, being unable to pass, they lag behind it."-Guesses at Truth.

16. "The most mischievous liars are those who keep on the of truth."-Ibidem.

verge

17.

"Go search it there, where to be born and die,

Of rich and poor makes all the history."

18. "There needs no other proof that happiness is the most wholesome moral atmosphere, and that in which the immortality of man is destined ultimately to thrive, than the elevation of soul, the religious aspiration which attends the first assurance, the first sober assurance of true love."-Deerbrook.

19. "It was opened by a young girl of thirteen or fourteen." -DICKENS.

20. "To Brighton the Pavilion lends a lath and plaster grace."

21. What do you understand by meum and tuum? Meum is all I can get. Tuum is all others can prevent me from getting.-PUNCH.

22. When I say that the "rose smells sweet," and "I smell the rose," the word smell has two meanings. In the latter sentence, I speak of a certain sensation in my own mind; in the

former, of a certain quality in the flower which produces the sensation. Here the word smell is applied with equal propriety to both.

23.

66

Away went Gilpin, and away

Went Gilpin's hat and wig;
He lost them sooner than at first,

For why? they were too big."—Cowper.

24. Did you never observe (says Mr. Gray, in a letter to a friend), while rocking winds are piping loud, that pause, as the gust is recollecting itself, and rising upon the ear in a shrill and plaintive note, like the swell of an Æolian harp? I do assure you there is nothing in the world so like the voice of a spirit. 25. The foundations of his fame are laid deep and imperishable, and the superstructure is already erected.-New Englander. Explain the idiom. See § 513.

26. The language of the moral law is, man shall not kill; the language of the law of nature is, a stone will fall to the ground. WHEWELL. Explain the difference in use of the words shall and will.

27. What signify to me the beautiful discourses and praises one lavishes on one's self and one's friends?-LAMARTINE.

28.

Spirits are not finely touched

But to fine issues: nor Nature never lends

The smallest scruple of her excellence,

But, like a thrifty goddess, she determines
Herself the glory of a creditor;

Both thanks and use.-Measure for Measure.

Justified on the ground of ancient usage.

29. The affections are to the intellect what the forge is to the metal; it is they which temper and shape it to all great purposes: soften, strengthen, and purify it.-Mrs. Jameson.

30. Plato in his Cratylus, and Aristotle in his Organon, have laid the foundations of the philosophy of language. The speculations of the first bear, when well understood, upon the highest problems of the philosophy of language; the categories and the definitions of the second give the logical foundation of our grammatical system, and establish by themselves the great principle that is the immediate produce and expression, as it were, the mirror of logic and thought.-C. C. S. BUNSEN.

31. In poetry, when the letter is false, the spirit is often profoundest wisdom.-W. E. CHANNING.

32. Hence arises the distinction of subjective and objective truth. The former we consider as existing in ourselves, the latter as existing in objects out of ourselves.

33. Malevolti had noticed these splenetic efforts; but though a man of fiery character, and proud enough to dare the proudest he who ruffled his complacency by a look, etc. In what case is he, and how used?

34. But the only reliable and certain evidence of devotion to the Constitution is, to abstain, on the one hand, from violating it, and to repel, on the other, all attempts to violate it. It is only by faithfully performing these high duties that the Constitution can be preserved, and with it the Union.-J. C. CALHOUN. What part of the last sentence does it represent?

35. And such, Mr. President, was the high estimate which I formed of his (Mr. Calhoun's) transcendent talents, at the end of his service in the executive department under the administration of Mr. Monroe, that, had he been translated to the highest office in the government, I should have felt perfectly assured that, under his auspices, the honor, the prosperity, and the glory of our country would have been safely preserved.-H. CLAY.

36. We shall delight to speak of him (Mr. Calhoun) to those who are coming after us. When the time shall come that we shall go, one after another, in succession, to our graves, we shall carry with us a deep impression of his genius and character, his honor and integrity, his amiable deportment in private life, and the purity of his exalted patriotism.-D. WEBSTER.

SYNTHESIS OF SYNTACTICAL FORMS.

§ 551. 1. Compose a simple declarative sentence with a naked subject and a naked predicate.

2. Compose a sentence with an enlarged subject.

3. Compose a sentence with an enlarged predicate.

4. Compose an interrogative sentence, and also an exclamatory sentence.

5. Compose three compound co-ordinate sentences, namely, one Copulative, one Adversative, and one Disjunctive. See § 537.

6. Compose a compound (complex) sentence in which there. shall be a subordinate Substantive sentence. See § 538.

7. Compose a compound (complex) sentence in which there shall be an Adjective sentence. See § 538.

8. Compose a compound (complex) sentence in which there shall be an adverbial sentence.

9. Compose a succession of sentences which shall exhibit the different varieties of Adverbial sentences. See § 538.

DIRECTION TO THE PUPIL.

Let the pupil, commencing with the first rule under Syntactical Forms, compose sentences, longer or shorter, illustrating each rule and each note in succession, according to the following model.

If the pupil finds himself unable to compose sentences which will illustrate all these rules and notes, he may be at liberty occasionally to select examples.

The author attaches great importance to this exercise.

MODEL.

RULE I.-The Greeks surpassed the Romans in their love of the beautiful, but the Romans surpassed the Greeks in their love of right.

Note I.-Lord Raglan having died at Sebastopol, General Simpson was appointed his successor.

Note II.-Oh the ingratitude of man! How ready is he to forget his benefactors!

Note III.-The leaders of that party-how despicable they are!

Note IV.-As the army reached the summit of the mountain, s shout was heard from thousands, The sea! the sea! Note V. The Revere House. The Winthrop House. Note VI.-To whom thus Zephon, answering scorn with scorn.

MILTON.

Note VII.-Who discovered the laws which governed the planets in their orbits? Kepler. Who demonstrated the truth of those laws?

Newton.

PART VII.

RHETORICAL FORMS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

CHAPTER I.

DEFINITIONS.

§ 552. RHETORIC, Greek pηTopiký, from pýτwp, a speaker, has nearly the same signification as eloquence, Latin eloquentia, from eloquor, to speak out. It may be described as the Art of speaking well; and, when applied to written composition, as the Art of writing well. And since persuasion is often the principal object of the speaker or of the writer in the higher specimens of the art, it may be more exactly defined as the Art of using language well for the purpose of persuasion. This may be accepted as a sufficiently correct definition of the term, though it falls short of the meaning often attached to it, since it does not include several varieties of composition in which persuasion is not aimed at, but which in their character are rhetorical.

But, in order to know adequately what true Rhetoric or eloquence is, we must contemplate it under a threefold view, namely, first, in its origin in the soul of the speaker; second, as it comes forth in living sounds from his lips; third, as it appears on the printed page. The second belongs to elocution, which does not fall within the limits of the present work; though of course, in laying down rules for the use of language, we lay down rules, to a certain extent, for speaking as well as writing it. Our business is chiefly with the third. The first is noticed only in its bearings upon the third, to which, indeed, it has the same relation as the fountain to the stream.

ELOQUENCE IN ITS ORIGIN IN THE SOUL.

§ 553. ELOQUENCE IS THE LANGUAGE OF EMOTION. It is such an expression of emotion felt by a speaker, that his hearers, under its influence, feel the same emotion.

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