bour, a Virginia lady, and the necessary funds were soon after raised to accomplish this object.

James Madison was born March 16, 1751. He was intended as a statesman from his youth. In 1775 he was a member of the Virginia legislature, and at that early age was distinguished for his maturity of understanding and sage-like prudence. He was a member of the convention that formed the

constitution of the United States, and took an active part in the deliberations of that body. He was also a member of the first congress, and rendered important services in setting the machinery of government in motion. During the presidency of Mr. Jefferson he was secretary of state, and sustained that office with singular ability. He held a ready pen, had a clear, philosophical perception of the great principles on which the government professed to act, and could readily produce a defense of the course pursued. In March, 1809, he became president of the United States, and continued in that office until 1817, when he retired to his farm to enjoy the repose of rural life. Mr. Madison died June 28, 1836, at Montpelier, Orange county, at the seat which descended to him at the death of his father.

John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States, and successor of Harrison, was born in 1790, in Charles City county, about 5 miles below Berkeley, on James River.

Richard Dale, commodore in the United States navy, was born in Norfolk in 1756, and at twelve years of age went to sea. In 1776 he entered the navy as a midshipman, was taken prisoner, and for a year was confined in the notorious Mill Prison, from whence he escaped to France, joined the celebrated Paul Jones, and was his first lieutenant in the bloody engagement of the Bon Homme Richard with the Serapis. In 1801 he commanded the American squadron in the Mediterranean. He died in 1826.

James Barron, commodore in the U. S. navy, was born in Virginia in 1768, entered the naval service of the state in the revolution, and that of the United States in 1798. In 1807 he had command of the unfortunate Chesapeake when she was attacked in a time of peace by the British frigate Leopard, of superior force. Surrendering to that vessel she was boarded for deserters and several of her crew taken off. He was suspended for five years for this unfortunate occurrence. 1820 he mortally wounded Commodore Decatur in a duel. He died in 1851, aged 83 years. He had a high reputation for seamanship.

In

Edmund P. Gaines, major-general in the army of the United States, was born in Virginia in 1777, and gained distinction in the war of 1812, and also in the Creek war. He died in 1849, at the age of 72 years.

John Randolph was born in Chesterfield in 1773, and was a descendant, through his mother, of Pocahontas. His early life was spent at different places, under dif ferent instructors, of most of whom he said he "never learned anything." From 1799 until 1829 he was (with the exception of two years) in congress; two years of this period he was in the senate, and twenty-six years in the lower house. In 1830 President Jackson appointed him minister to Russia, but he returned home in a short time, and died in 1833.

Few men in the United States have attracted more notice than John Randolph. His conversational powers were extraordinary, and there was an irresistible fasci

nation in his voice and manner. It has been said that when in the halls of legisla tion "he never spoke without commanding the most intense interest. At his first gesture, or word, the house and galleries were hushed into silence and attention. His voice was shrill and pipe-like, but under perfect command, and in its lower tones it was music. His tall person, firm eye, and peculiarly 'expressive fingers,' assisted very much in giving effect to his delivery. His eloquence, taking its character from his unamiable disposition, was generally exerted in satire and invective; but he never attempted pathos without entire success. In quickness of perception, accuracy of memory, liveliness of imagination, and sharpness of wit, he surpassed most men of his day, but his judgment was feeble or rarely consulted." The aphorism "a prophet is not without honor save in his own country" did not apply to him. He was always an object of wonder and curiosity to all. On his return from congress he often stopped at the hotel at the county seat of his residence. On these occasions the multitude, though frequently seeing him, would crowd the windows and doors to get a glimpse of that man about whose genius, eccentricities and physical aspect there was so much of the incomprehensible.

Mr. Randolph was opposed to that feature in the federal constitution which gave so much power to the president. To that, by his friends, has been ascribed his opposition to every executive.

He went for the independence of the representative. A quotation from one of his speeches, supplied by the memory of one present, is here in point: "I was at Federal Hall. I saw Washington, but could not hear him take the oath to support the federal constitution. The constitution was in its chrysalis state. I saw what Washington did not see, but two other men in Virginia saw it-George Mason and Patrick Henry-the poison under its wings."

The residence of this most eccentric of American politicians was in

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On

Charlotte county, near the Staunton River, about 60 miles southeast of Lynchburg. The name Roanoke is derived from a small creek running through the plantation. The buildings are in a dense forest, which has scarce ever echoed to the woodman's ax. leaving the main road, the traveler threads his way through the woods by a narrow path, for about half a mile, when, a few rods distant, the dwellings and out-houses suddenly appear through the foliage, without any cultivated land or clearing in view, seeming, from the wild seclusion and primitive aspect of the spot to have been the abode of a recluse rather than of a statesman whose fame extended beyond the limits of his native land.

ROANOKE, SEAT OF JOHN RANDOLPH.

A gentleman who visited the place shortly after the decease of its illustrious occupant thus describes it:

"The two buildings in front were occupied by Mr. Randolph, and those in the rear by his domestics. That on the right is clapboarded, and is much the most commodious; it was the one in which he dwelt in summer. On the ground floor are two rooms, one containing his books, the other is the drawing-room, adorned with convenient and neat furniture. The library is large, well selected, and contains many rare works. Most of the books bear evidence of careful perusal, and the striking passages are marked with the pencil. Among the many pictures and portraits in these rooms is one of Pocahontas. The arms are bare to the elbow, displaying an arm and a hand of exquisite beauty. The hair and eye are a raven black, the latter remarkably expressive, and the whole countenance surpassing lovely, and beaming with intelligence and benignity.

The dwelling on the left was his winter residence, and the one in which he usually partook of his meals. It is a log structure, which is entered through a shed, paved with water-worn pebbles and supported by unhewn posts. Notwithstanding its extreme simplicity, it is richly furnished. These rooms are also hung with portraits. One of them is a fine drawing of his servant Jupiter-or, as he is commonly called, Juba-dressed as a sportsman, with a double-barreled gun on his shoulder. Over the fire-place in the bed-room is a portrait of Mr. Randolph when twelve years of age. It is a fine oil-painting, from the easel of the celebrated Gilbert Stuart. In the fresh, rosy complexion, and round, chubby face of this beautiful little boy it would be difficult to trace any resemblance to the thin, cadaverous lineaments of the original in his latter years.'

In the depths of the forest near the little village of Gordonsville, in the county of Orange, and about twenty miles north-east of Charlottesville, stands an old church, an humble, unpainted structure of wood. Around it clings a peculiar in

terest, for it was the church of the Rev. James Waddel, whose eloquence has been so vividly portrayed in the pathetic description of the Blind Preacher by Wirt in his British Spy. Mr. Waddel was born in Ireland in 1732, was brought to this country in infancy, and died in 1805. It has been supposed that the description by Wirt was exaggerated, but this is not so. Patrick Henry regarded him as one of two of the greatest orators he ever heard; and a distinguished clergyman also said of him: "When other men preach men look to see who is affected-when Dr. Waddel preached those not affected were the exception." His biographer and grandson, Rev. Jas. W. Alexander, D. D., says of him:

"In person Dr. Waddel was tall and erect, and when a young man he is said to have been of striking appearance. His complexion was fair, and his eyes of a light blue; his mien unusually dignified, and his manners elegant and graceful. His eloquence has become matter of tradition in Virginia. It electrified whole assemblies, transfused to them the speaker's passion at his will-'a species,' says his biographer, I must be allowed to say, which I have seldom heard but in the south. Under his preaching audiences were irresistibly and simultaneously moved, like the wind-shaken forest. Especially was his power great in so painting sacred scenes as to bring the hearer into the very presence of the object."

Zachary Taylor, the thirteenth President of the United States, and the seventh native of Virginia who has held that office, was born in Orange county in 1784. The next year his father removed to Kentucky, and settled near the site of Louisville.

EXTRACTS FROM THE ANCIENT LAWS OF VIRGINIA.

1662.-Every person who refuses to have his child baptized by a lawful minister shall be amerced 2,000 lbs. of tobacco-half to the parish, half to the informer.

The whole liturgy of the Church of England shall be thoroughly read at church, or chapel, every Sunday, and the canons for divine service and sacraments duly observed. Church-wardens shall present at the county court, twice every year, in December and April, such misdemeanors of swearing, drunkenness, fornication, etc., as by their own knowledge, or common fame, have been committed during their being church wardens. To steal or unlawfully to kill any hog that is not his own, upon sufficient proof, the offender shall pay to the owner 1,000 lbs. of tobacco, and as much to the informer; and in case of inability shall serve two years, one to the owner and one to the informer. Upon a second conviction the offender shall stand two hours in the pillory and lose both his ears. The man and woman committing fornication shall pay each 500 lbs. of tobacco, and to

be bound to their good behavior. If either of them be a servant, the master shall pay the 500 lbs. of tobacco, and the servant shall serve half a year longer than his time. If the master shall refuse to pay, then the servant to be whipped. If a bastard be got and born, then the woman to serve her master two years longer than her time, or pay him 2,000 lbs of tobacco, and the reputed father to give security to keep the child.

No marriage shall be reputed valid in law but such as is made by the minister, according to the laws of England. And no minister shall marry any person without a license from the governor or his deputy, or thrice publication of bans, according to the rubrick in the common prayer book. The minister that doth marry contrary to this act shall be fined 10,000 lbs. of tobacco.

All persons keeping tippling-houses without license shall be fined 2,000 lbs of tobacco, half to the county and half to the informer.

No master of any ship, vessel, etc., shall transport any person out of this colony without a pass, under the secretary's hand, upon the penalty of paying all such debts as any such person shall owe at his departure, and 1,000 lbs. of tobacco to the secretary.

The court in every county shall cause to be set up near the court house a pillory, a pair of stocks, a whipping-post, and a ducking-stool, in such place as they shall think convenient-which not being set up within six months after the date of this act the said court shall be fined 5,000 lbs. of tobacco.

In actions of slander occasioned by a man's wife, after judgment passed for damages, the woman shall be punished by ducking, and if the slander be such as the damages shall be adjudged at above 500 lbs. of tobacco, then the woman shall have ducking for every 500 lbs. of tobacco adjudged against her husband if he refuse to pay the tobacco.

Enacted that the Lord's Day be kept holy, and no journeys made on that day, unless upon necessity. And all persons inhabiting in this country having no lawful excuse shall every Sunday resort to the parish church or chapel, and there abide orderly during the common prayer, preaching and divine service, upon the penalty of being fined 50 lbs. of tobacco by the county court.

This act shall not extend to Quakers, or other recusants, who totally absent themselves, but they shall be liable to the penalty imposed by the stat. 23 Eliz., viz: £20 sterling for every month's absence, etc.; and all Quakers assembling in unlawful conventicles shall be fined, every man so taken, 200 lbs. of tobacco for every time of such meeting.

1663.-If any Quakers, or other separatists whatsoever, in this colony assemble themselves together to the number of five more of the age of sixteen years, or upward, under the pretense of joining in a religious worship not authorized in England or this country, the parties so offending, being thereof lawfully convicted by verdict, confessions, or notorious evidence of the fact, shall for the first offense forfeit and pay 200 lbs. of tobacco; for the second offense 500 lbs. of tobacco, to be levied by warrant from any justice of the peace upon the goods of the party convicted; but if he be unable, then upon the goods of any other of the separatists or Quakers then present. And for the third offense the offender, being convicted as aforesaid, shall be banished the colony of Virginia.

Every master of a ship or vessel that shall bring in any Quakers to reside here after the 1st of July next shall be fined 5,000 lbs. of tobacco, to be levied by distress and sale of his goods, and enjoined to carry him, her or them out of the country again.

Any person inhabiting this country and entertaining any Quaker in or near his house, to preach or teach, shall for every time of such entertainment be fined 5,000 lbs. of tobacco.

NORTH CAROLINA.

THE territory of North Carolina was included in the region granted, in 1584, by Queen Elizabeth, to Sir Walter Raleigh, under the general name

of Virginia. Its earliest permanent settlement was commenced about the year 1650. About this period, persons suffering from religious intolerance in the more northern part of Virginia, fled from beyond her limits, and, without license from any human source, established themselves near Albemarle Sound. Here they found the winters mild, and the soil fertile. Their numbers were annually augmented; and "they acknowledged no superior on earth; and obeyed no laws but those of God and nature."

In 1661, a body of English emigrants from Massachusetts made a settlement on the shores of Cape Fear River. In 1663, the Indians proving hostile and the land sterile, these people abandoned the settlement. Soon after, their place was supplied by emigrants from Barbadoes. Sir John Yeamans was chosen governor; and in 1665, the colony located near the mouth of Oldtown creek, on the south side of Clarendon or Cape Fear River; and a county was established in that part of the province. In May, 1666, there were about eight hundred persons in the colony, who supported themselves for some years by exporting boards, shingles, timber, etc., to Barbadoes. They had the good fortune to preserve peace with the Indians.

In 1630, Charles I granted to Sir Robert Heath all the territory between. 30° and 60° of north latitude, extending from the Atlantic to the South Sea, or Pacific Ocean. Sir Robert having neglected to comply with the conditions of his patent, the king, in 1663, granted the same territory to Lord Clarendon and seven others, and invested them with ample powers of government over all who should become inhabitants. To encourage emigration, it was publicly promised that all the settlers should enjoy perfect religious liberty, and be governed by a free assembly.

The settlers on Albemarle Sound were, on certain conditions, allowed to retain their lands. A government over them was organized, at the head of