The relation of the soil survey to land classification: L. R. SCHOENMANN. Discussion, J. V. Van Sickle (by invitation). Forecasting the price of wheat: C. C. BOSLAND (by invitation). Discussion, L. R. Dewey. Proportions of distinguished men furnished by rural and urban districts: Roy H. HOLMES (by invitation). The recent discount and open-market policy of the federal reserve system: R. G. RODKEY (by invitation). The trend of bond prices: L. A. MORGAN. Competition between labor and machinery: GEORGE E. BIGGE. Discussion, L. E. DEVOL (by invitation). The second industrial conference and the settlement of labor disputes: S. M. LEVIN. SECTION OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY The geology of southern Mexico: W. A. VER WIEBE. The influence of joints in the formation of the islands in the western end of Lake Erie: C. W. Cook. The crystal structure of the pyrite group: L. S. RAMSDELL. The evolution of the Jolly Balance: E. H. KRAUS. Factors that determine the direction of ice movement: FRANK LEVERETT. Preliminary statement on the relation of recessional moraines to Niagara Falls: FRANK B. TAYLOR. The effects of high temperature and time in the production of artificial minerals: A. B. PECK. On a specimen of Stylemys nebracensis, preserving the skull: E. C. CASE. On a new species of the Eocene crocodilian, Allognathosuchus: A. wartheni: E. C. Case. The unstable middle sections of island arcs: W. H. HOBBS. Greater Asia and isostasy: FRANK B. TAYLOR. Geology as a factor in soil classification: J. O. VEATCH. A preliminary report on the petrography of the Caroline and Pelew Islands: W. F. HUNT. The petrography of some Sierra La Sal dikes: L. M. GOULD. The pigments of amethyst and smoky quartz: A summary. E. F. HOLDEN. Thermo-optical properties of Heulandite: C. B. SLAWSON. Notes on a fulgurite from South Amboy, New Jersey: W. M. MYERS and A. B. PECK. Two new crinoids from the Devonian of Michigan: G. M. EHLERS. Some new species from the Richmond of Michigan: R. C. HUSSEY. New brachiopods from the Mississippian of Wayne County, Kentucky: G. M. EHLERS and M. S. CHANG. A laccolith in the air: L. M. GOULD. On the probable cause of the earthquake in the northeastern United States, February 28, 1925: W. H. HOBBS. SECTION OF HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE A. S. Aiton, chairman The Hispanic states and papal diplomacy before the year 1213: B. W. WHEELER. The spirit and development of British administration in Michigan: NELSON V. RUSSELL. The first St. Lawrence deepening scheme: GEORGE W. BROWN. A reclassification of wars: PRESTON SLOSSON. The ordinance-making powers of the French president: JAMES HART. SECTION OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE Oscar J. Campbell, chairman Scholarship and the national drift in American literature: H. D. WILD. The philosophy of Theodor Storm: On death: JOHN WILLIAM SCHOLL. Muscular movement in the interpretation of speech phenomena: J. A. MUYSKENS. Fugitive traces of self-portraiture in Wordsworth's "Excursion": PAUL MUESCHKE. The influence of Spain on the French "Conteurs" of the sixteenth century: G. L. MICHAUD. Slanging English words: R. W. COWDEN. The rôle of Solomon in "The Song of Songs": LEROY WATERMAN. Linguistics and biology: CLARENCE MEADER. Crevecoeur and Thoreau: J. B. MOORE. Hauptmann's "Promethidenloos': F. B. WAHR. SECTION OF MATHEMATICS E. R. Sleight, chairman (Program presented by the Michigan Section of the Mathematical Association of America) Some new projective differential convariants of a congruence: HORACE L. OLSON. On the origin of our number forms: T. W. FOULE. The asteroids: LOUIS HOPKINS. A college course in geometry for prospective high school teachers: GUY G. SPEAKER. Studies in the composition of the human fat: H. C. ECKSTEIN. Fungi in relation to disease: ADELIA MCCREA. The immunization of guinea pigs against Brucella melitensis infection: I. F. HUDDLESON. Antigenic value of various tissue extracts in the Kahn test: PEARL L. KENDRICK and H. G. DUNHAM. Keeping quality of standard Kahn antigen stored at different temperatures: PEARL L. KENDRICK and DORA JENKS. Mutation of Bacteria: R. W. PRYER. A statistical study of 60,000 cases of venereal disease: W. J. V. DEACON. Some interesting malformations: JAMES E. DAVIS. An epidemiological study of the routine incidence of scarlet fever in Ingham Caunty in 1924-1925: I. M. LICKLY. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, Chas. H. Cooley, Ann Arbor; Vicepresident, Frank B. Taylor, Fort Wayne, Indiana; Secretary-Treasurer, L. R. Dice, Ann Arbor; Libra rian, W. W. Bishop, Ann Arbor; Editor, Peter Okkelberg, Ann Arbor. Section chairmen: Anthropology, W. B. Hinsdale, Ann Arbor; Botany, L. A. Kenoyer, Kalamazoo; Economics, Z. C. Dickinson, Ann Arbor; Geology and mineralogy, L. S. Ramsdell, Ann Arbor; History and political science, S. James Hart, Ann Arbor; Language and literature, C. P. Wagner, Ann Arbor; Mathematics, E. R. Sleight, Albion; Psychology, E. C. Rowe, Mt. Pleasant; Sanitary and Medical Science, R. W. Pryer, Detroit; Zoology, H. R. Hunt, East Lansing. L. R. DICE, Secretary THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE THE thirty-fifth annual meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science was held at the College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, April 3 and 4, 1925, under the presidency of Dr. Edgar N. Transeau, of the Ohio State University. More than one hundred registered as in attendance and a spirit of unusual earnestness seemed to pervade the meetings. Forty-six new members were elected and two members were made fellows in the academy, namely, Henry Curtis Beardslee, of Perry, Ohio, and Dr. Joseph H. Todd, of Wooster, Ohio. The geology section of the academy held its usual field meeting and excursion in the vicinity of Cleveland on May 30, 31 and June 1, 1924, under the leadership of Professor J. E. Hyde, of Western Reserve University, for the purpose of studying the Devonian and Mississippian formations of northeastern Ohio, including the famous Berea and Amherst quarries, the Cleveland shale and its fossil fish and the lower part of the Waverly, especially the Berea grit. Upon recommendation by the board of trustees of the research fund it was voted that "the income from $1,000 of the research fund be available each year for a grant to be known as the Emerson McMillin Grant, to be used either for assistance in some research problem or given as an award in recognition of some especially noteworthy contribution to science by some member of the academy." The balance of the fund and all income derived therefrom may be used or allowed to accumulate, as the board of trustees may deem best, in any particular year, it being understood that the fund or any part thereof is to be used only for the encouragement of research, either by grants for individual problems or for the publication of papers resulting from research. A detailed report on the history and present status of the matter of affiliation between the Ohio Academy of Science and the American Association for the Adancement of Science was submitted by Dr. A. E. Waller, treasurer of the academy, and after some dis- ussion pro and con it was voted to refer the question of affiliation to the executive committee with power. Upon recommendation of the committee on resoluions the following was unanimously passed by the cademy, viz.: The Ohio Academy of Science in annual session at Vooster, O., wishes to place itself on record as deplorg the action of the Governor and Legislature of the tate of Tennessee in connection with recent legislative nactments relative to natural phenomena. We believe he publicity thus developed will prove disadvantageous > the best interests of the state. We desire, also, to express our sympathy for the teachrs of science in Tennessee in connection with the handiaps under which they have been placed in the teaching Nf the truths of nature. T The committee on necrology reported the loss by eath during the past year of four members, viz.: harles W. Napper, Greenfield; A. D. Selby, Wooster; eptimus Sissons, Columbus; Herrick E. Wilson, berlin. Officers were elected as follows: President, Paul M. bea, Cleveland Museum of Natural History; viceresidents-zoology, Clarence H. Kennedy, Ohio tate University; botany, W. G. Stover, Ohio State Oniversity; geology, W. H. Shideler, Miami Univerty; medical sciences, Samuel W. Chase, Cleveland; sychology, Harold D. Burtt, Ohio State University; hysical sciences, Robert C. Gowdy, University of Cinnati; secretary, William H. Alexander, U. S. DeTeather Bureau, Columbus; treasurer, A. E. Waller, en hio State University. A biological basis of learning: H. M. JOHNSON. Daily life of the American eagle; early phase: F. H. HERRICK. Relation of temperature and rainfall to Hessian fly development: H. A. GOSSARD. Seiches in Lake Erie and their ecological significance: F. H. KRECKER. Repeated rejuvenations in hemp: J. H. SCHAFFNER. The dynamic factor in heredity: A. B. PLOWMAN. Monocular and binocular vision: PRENTICE REEVES. A theory of nerve conduction and its application to imagination and habit: N. M. JOHNSON. Intrarelationships of echinoderms as evidenced by ciliation: R. A. BUDINGTON. The relation of the respiratory exchange to differentiation and dedifferentiation of obelia sp.: EMMETT ROWLES. The sexual structures of polydesmus serratus: STEPHEN R. WILLIAMS. The development of the male gonopods in euryurus erythropygus, Brandt; a polydesmid millipede: HUGH H. MILEY. On the structure of a trematode of the genus eumegacetes found in the cloaca of the common tern at Put-inBay: JOSEPH N. MILLER. The correlation of the seasonal history of the European corn borer with seasonal planting of corn: L. L. HUBER. Aphids new to Ohio: C. C. CUTRIGHT. Some reactions of pemphigus sp.: C. C. CUTRIGHT. Exact determination of food requirements in bringing insects to maturity: E. R. BRYANT. On the anatomy of the head and thorax in ranatra (Heteroptera): C. R. NEISWANDER. The evolution of insects based on a study of the appendages: L. B. WALTON. A biological record and classification card: L. B. WALTON. The calorigenic effect of adrenalin: M. W. CASKEY. Some observations on the architecture of the spongiosa of the calcaneus: S. W. CHASE. Rickets and osteoporosis in swine as affected by nutrition; dietary factors: G. BоHSTEDT. Rickets and osteoporosis in swine as affected by nutrition; pathology: B. H. EDGINGTON. The effect of light on calcification of bone: R. M. BETHKE. Some preliminary notes on the plankton of the Kartabo Region, British Guiana: HUGH M. RAUP. Some factors which determine the size of the eye of drosophila: A. H. HERSH. A note on wing venation in certain diptera: JAS. S. HINE. Experiences and experiments in teaching embryology: BRADLEY M. PATTEN. The fauna of a limestone spring in Cliff Park, Springfield, Ohio: HUGH M. RAUP. The relative values of morphological adaptations: C. H. KENNEDY. Relation of temperature to the physiology of the potato plant: JOHN BUSHNELL. Some abnormalities in mnium: CHAS. H. OTIS. Certain aspects of the chemical composition of the apple flower: F. S. HOWLETT. Lodging in oats and wheat: F. A. WELTON. Variations in American crab apple: E. L. FULLMER. Some factors influencing the development of venturia inequalis: H. C. YOUNG. Degeneration of potatoes in Ohio: PAUL E. TILFORD. Effects of lightning on the trunk of platenus occidentalis: JOHN H. SCHAFFNER. The microchemistry of flax fiber formation: D. B. ANDERSON. Some fresh water algae from Fukien, China: L. H. TIFFANY. Pre-staining in histological technique: CHAS. H. OTIS. The seasonal development of apple scab in central Ohio in 1924: H. W. JOHNSON. The genus oedogonium: L. H. TIFFANY. Experiments on the control of apple scab in central Ohio in 1924: W. G. STOVER and H. W. JOHNSON. Some Mississippian physiography of northeastern Ohio: G. F. LAMB. Peneplains in Muskingum County, Ohio: G. W. CONREY. Peneplains and straths in southern Ohio: WILBUR STOUT. The uplands of Jefferson County, Ohio: R. E. LAMBORN. A method of estimating post-glacial time: ALLYN C. SWINNERTON. Geologic structures in southern Vermont: GEO. D. HUBBARD. Limestone caves in Ohio: GEO. W. WHITE. The areas of distribution of paleozoic seas in the Arctic regions of North America, Europe and Asia, in connection with the problem of circumpolar seas: AUG. F. FOERSTE. Difference in Niagaran faunas due to development in different arms of the sea, in connection with the Cincinnati, Kankakee, LaSalle and other anticlines: AUG. F. FOERSTE. A drag fault: G. F. LAMB. Some recent deep wells in Ohio: J. A. BOWNOCKER. Dip and expansion of deep-seated rocks in eastern Ohio: WILBUR STOUT. The members of the Monroe and their distribution in Ohio: J. ERNEST CARMAN. Some striking features of the lower Mercer limestone in Mahoning County: EDWIN J. BOGNAR. A suggestion in teaching economic geology: GEO. D. HUBBARD. The scrub grass coal in Ohio: WILBUR STOUT. The laws of motion under constant power: L, W. TAYLOR. A precision determination of the acceleration of gravity H. HUGH WILLIS. A quantitative measurement of the change in intensity in radio signals during the transition from daylight to dark: C. E. HOWE. DEMONSTRATIONS Specimens to illustrate paper on Some observations on THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE spring meeting of the Indiana Academy o Science was held at Clifty Falls State Park on Ma 14, 15 and 16. Over one hundred and fifty persons at tended. On Thursday evening, May 14, the following socia and business meeting was held at Clifty Inn : The geology of Jefferson County: Professor GLEN CULBERTSON. Our misconduct in nature: Mr. RICHARD LIEBER. Friday and Saturday, May 15 and 16, were sper visiting points of interest in Jefferson County. Thes included a trip through Clifty Gorge, inspection Southeastern Hospital for the Insane, a drive 1 Hanover College, an automobile trip up the Oh Valley and visits to the Lanier Historical Buildin Lloyd's Cave, Waldron Fossil Beds and the railro cuts at Madison. Dr. H. W. Wiley, one of the charter members the academy, was present throughout the meeting making all the trips in spite of his age. The officers of the Academy for the year ar Dr. E. B. Cumings, Indiana University, presiden, Charles Stoltz, South Bend, vice-president; Dr. Flo Anderson, Bloomington, Indiana, secretary; Profess J. B. Dutcher, Bloomington, Indiana, assistant si retary; Dr. Wm. M. Blanchard, DePauw Universit Greencastle, Indiana, treasurer; Professor J. J. Dav Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, edit HARRY F. DIETZ, INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA Press Secretary SOME MATHEMATICAL ASPECTS OF COSMOLOGY1 I. COSMOGONY THE intimate relationship between mathematics and astronomy, even in ancient times, is well known; and since the time of Kepler, Galileo and Newton astronomy has been the ideal exact science. From a mathematical point of view, it must be admitted that we have been very fortunate in the fact that the earth is merely one of a family of relatively small planets, and that the earth possesses an extraordinary satellite, so extraordinary that an inhabitant of Mars would doubtless say that the earth and moon is a double planet rather than a planet and satellite. We are fortunate also in the fact that the earth is only 50 per cent. cloud-covered instead of 100 per cent. as may be the case on the planet Venus. Finally, the regular succession of day and night, the waxing and waning of the moon and the annual circuit of the sun among the stars are uniformities in nature that can escape the attention of no one, save perhaps one who lives in a large modern city. The somewhat less regular motions of the planets with respect to the background of stars excited attention among the ancients and stimulated the search for simple schemes to account for them. Even some slight irregularities in the motions of the sun and moon were discovered more than two thousand years ago, and a scheme of epicycles was invented to account for them, a compounding of uniform circular motions which is the geometrical equivalent of our modern Fourier Series. A dynamical explanation was not sought because it was the age of geometry, and dynamics had not yet been dreamed of. Even Kepler, who devoted a lifetime to the discovery of uniformities in the motion of the planet Mars, and who discovered the three laws of planetary motion which bear his name, did not seek a dynamical explanation of these uniformities. He was content to ascribe them to the intelligence of an angel who guided the planets in their courses. His was the age of spirits, and Kepler's interpretation of uniformities was animistic. The foundations of dynamics came only with the genius of a Galileo who had little liking for the conceptions of animism. His induction that the natural state of a body was uniform motion in a straight 1 A symposium lecture read before the American Mathematical Society at its meeting in Chicago, April 10, 1925. |