theory in astronomy or the doctrine of the conservation of energy in physics; and that should a teacher attempt to exclude evolution as true from a presentation of geology or biology, he would find himself without authoritative text books on the subjects to put into the hands of his students.

In witness whereof, the said affiant hath hereunto set his hand at Lexington, Kentucky, this 1st day of July, 1925.

(Signed) Arthur M. Miller Subscribed and sworn to this 1st day of July, 1925.

By Henry Fairfield Osborn, research professor of zoology, Columbia University.

The teaching that creation has been gradual and not sudden a matter of millions of years and not of a few hours that all processes of the formation of the earth have taken enormously long periods of time, that all living things, plants as well as animals, attained their present form and perfection by gradual instead of by sudden means, that man himself is the result of a very gradual process of creation rather than a suddenly formed and finished product-this teaching is what we call evolution, for want of a better word. The attempt is made by men who do not understand it and who know nothing about it, who have never studied it, who have never closely observed a plant or an animal nor the structure of man, to show that this teaching is revolutionary and contrary to human knowledge and human welfare. This attempt is absolutely false, untruthful and ignorant, it is contrary to the intelligent teaching of the entire civilized world to-day; it is contrary to what is being taught in the Christian countries of the world and in all the Christian states, except only in certain of our own states where the gradual processes of creation have been grossly misrepresented and even ridiculed. The idea of gradual creation known as evolution is essential in education and every branch of human welfarein medicine, anatomy, surgery, plant and animal industry, the application of geology as well as zoology, psychology, human origins, cultural and anatomical. It is only through our knowledge of the relationships of man with the lower animals that great discoveries and beneficent discoveries have been made in combatting disease, beginning with vaccination against smallpox and coming down to the cure of diseases like diphtheria and the treatment of all the germ diseases, where it has been found that the animals most closely related to man yield most readily to the treatment that helps man.

No act of any legislature in the world can take evolutionary teaching out of education, because it has become an essential and integral part of education. Nor can we take it out of the teachings about man. While possessed of a superior spirit which we call the soul, man in his anatomy is absolutely one with the rest of the mammals, bone by bone, muscle by muscle, blood vessel by blood vessel, gland by gland, tooth by tooth. Man is no exception to the rest of the animal world nor to the rest of the universe, and no act of legislation can change him. No teacher can possibly teach zoology or any other branch

of science truthfully and intelligently if evolution is left out; the cutting out of evolution from education is exactly like taking the heart from the body, for evolution is at the very heart or center of all education and will always be so. In astronomy the evolution of the stars has recently been demonstrated; in chemistry and physics the evolution of the chemical elements has recently been demonstrated. Thus the entire universe is shown to be the product of gradual evolution rather than of special and instantaneous creation.

Henry Fairfield Osborn, Research Professor of Zoology, Columbia University

President, American Museum of Natural

History

Subscribed and sworn to this 3rd day of July, 1925.

By Henry Higgins Lane, professor and head, department of zoology, University of Kansas.

Henry Higgins Lane, being first duly sworn, says:

First, That he has been a student of biological science for thirty-three years; a teacher for twenty-six years; and an investigator in biology for twenty-three years.

Second, That he has been connected with colleges and universities for twenty-six of the past thirty years, twenty of which have been spent in the capacity of head of zoology or biology departments. At present he is professor and head of the department of zoology at Kansas State University.

Third, That he is the author of a book entitled "Evolution and Christian Faith,'' in which are set forth his conclusions as to the evidence for the doctrine of evolution as well as the relations of that doctrine to the Christian religion.

Fourth, That he has uniformly found in his experience both as a student and as a teacher, that the doctrine of evolution is a necessary foundation for the correct understanding and teaching of such subjects as general biology, zoology, human and comparative anatomy, psychology and anthropology. That the whole field of successful scientific plant and animal breeding is based upon the application of the laws of evolution and genetics to the problem of the development and improvement of domesticated forms of life.

Fifth, That as a result of fourteen years teaching in a medical school, he is convinced of the absolute necessity of a knowledge of evolutionary principles for the proper understanding on the part of the medical student of. many of the abnormalities and variations in structure and function of organs with which the physician and surgeon is called upon to deal in the practice of his profession.

Sixth, That as a student and teacher of vertebrate paleontology he has found the whole geological record to be a hopeless muddle, without sense or plan, unless explained on an evolutionary basis.

Seventh, That every line of evidence, whether from the classificatory system, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, comparative physiology, the environmental relations of organisms, geographical distribution, paleon

tology, genetics or biochemistry, consistently supports the evolutionary doctrine, and that otherwise the whole edifice of biological science is without meaning and valueless. Eighth, That in his opinion man's bodily structure, physiological processes, mental faculties, embryological development, and division into numerous races and subraces, all point unmistakably to a human origin out of lower forms of animal life.

Ninth, That the whole trend of the doctrine of evolution when fairly stated is to establish the ideas:

(1) That God is everywhere present, and at work in his creation now, as well as in the past.

(2) That He is working according to a well-defined plan discernible in the phenomena of nature.

(3) That in this plan, man is the crowning product of creation.

(4) That the evolutionary doctrine as applied to man and human affairs, is ennobling, uplifting and productive of optimism as to man's future.

(5) That there is nothing in the evolutionary doctrine when fairly considered that in any way conflicts with true religion or a fair interpretation of the Bible.

(6) That the account of creation, in the first chapter of Genesis, leaves untouched the method of creation, and allows for an evolutionary process as clearly as such a brief account could do when its real purpose is kept in mind.

(7) That the scientific doctrine of evolution is in no sense atheistic or materialistic, but strongly supports the theistic and idealistic philosophy of the universe.

(8) That the doctrine of evolution leaves the truths of Christianity exactly where they have aways been, i.e., free to stand or fall on the basis of their own intrinsic evidence and the experience of Christiandom.

(Signed) Henry Higgins Lane Subscribed and sworn to this 1st day of July, A.D.,

1925.

Professor Osborn also hurried through the press of Scribner's for wide distribution in the state of Tennessee especially his small volume, "The Earth Speaks to Bryan," a collection of religious and scientific essays written especially to meet the point of view of the Fundamentalists. Mr. Bryan has made continued and effective use of W. A. Bateson's Toronto address of December, 1921, from the time of its appearance in print to his recent article in the July Forum. In two issues of Nature (June 13 and 20) appears in full a paper by Professor Osborn presented to the National Academy of Sciences at the April meeting, entitled "The origin of species as revealed by vertebrate paleontology." The facts established by the years of research culminating in this paper are partly restated in popular language in "The Earth Speaks to Bryan."

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN

ASA GRAY1

indeed

THE career of Asa Gray has great beauty, it has the dramatic quality which comes of humble origin, far-seeing ambition, persistent effort, large accomplishment and wide recognition.

Born in 1810 at Sauquoit, Oneida County, New York, he was of English and Scotch-Irish ancestry. His parents, humble in situation, were of staunch qualities and great industry. His father, who had had but six weeks of schooling, was a tanner and like most early settlers also a farmer. In boyhood' Asa was employed in the homely occupations of the farm and among other duties had the monotonous. task of driving an old horse around a circular course to propel the crude mill which crushed the bark used in his father's tannery.

His parents had the Scotch piety and reverence for learning. How soon his education was begun may be inferred from a pretty story gleaned from one of the most authentic accounts of his childhood. His father promised him a spelling book of his own when he could spell all the words up to baker, which being of two syllables marked a notable advance. In a few weeks he had accomplished the task and was duly rewarded. Next day as he entered his school, not being permitted to speak to the teacher to proclaim his triumph, he marched past her desk waving his new spelling book before her. This was a little before he was three years old.

With intellectual ideals so early inculcated and so eagerly accepted it is not surprising that he did well in his schooling and that even a college education was contemplated for him. This, for financial reasons, did not prove feasible. Instead, at the age of sixteen, he entered a country medical school. Here he chanced to read an encyclopedia article on botany. He was so interested that he bought Amos Eaton's Manual of Botany and by the aid of this quaint little volume began the study which his own talents were destined so greatly to develop and enrich.

From this simple beginning his progress was rapid. At 17 he was assisting a country doctor; at 20 he had graduated from his medical course and was teaching several of the natural sciences in a boys' school at Utica. When 25 he wrote his "Elements of Botany," a work of unusual clarity and for its period of unsurpassed excellence in America. He had already conducted a course in botany at Hamilton College and was the following year chosen curator of the collections of the New York Lyceum.

By Dr. Torrey he was invited to collaborate on his

1 Address at the unveiling of the Gray bust in the Hall of Fame, May 21, 1925.

Flora of North America, one of the most difficult and ambitious undertakings of its period. At 28 he was appointed to a professorship in the newly projected University of Michigan and commissioned to make an extended journey in Europe for the selection of books and equipment.

Nothing in Dr. Gray's whole career better illustrates the extraordinary qualities of the man than this first trip abroad. He was both in England and on the Continent received with a kindliness and cordiality which can only be explained by the singularly endearing qualities he must himself have possessed. That was not an epoch in which America was particularly popular abroad. Yet this countrybred American youth became at once the welcomed guest of Sir William Hooker, destined to be the director of the Royal Gardens at Kew. He received personal attention and aid from Robert Brown, the most eminent botanist of the British Museum, and from the distinguished botanists at Paris, Lyons, Montpellier, Padua, Trieste, Vienna, Munich, Geneva, Halle, Berlin and Hamburg. With all these he established friendly relations which continued through life and resulted in a steady interchange of specimens and literature between Europe and America of incomparable value to science. No American scientist, not even Agassiz, himself of European birth, has contributed so much to relations of friendly cooperation across the Atlantic.

In 1842 Gray was chosen to fill the newly created Fisher Professorship of Natural History at Harvard, a position which he continued to hold to the close of his career.

From 1845 to 1870 there occurred the great transcontinental surveys and exploring expeditions which brought in an immense mass of scientific specimens illustrating the flora of the western half of our continent. No one was so well prepared as Gray to classify and publish upon this material, and to him the greater part of it was sent. No one can ever again have such an opportunity. There are no more continents to be opened up in this way. Gray with eagerness and industry, with keen insight and sound judgment devoted himself to this gigantic undertaking. His scientific output was enormous. His writings comprise upward of 400 titles. He was scrupulously careful about his style and even his most technical papers have great finish and lucidity.

Personally he had a charming nature and was the ever welcome associate of that memorable group of talented men of whom Longfellow, Norton, Agassiz, James Russell Lowell and Oliver Wendell Holmes were members. He married Jane Loring, a beauti

ful daughter of one of Boston's fine old families. Together they made several journeys to Europe which were notable in extending the personal cordiality between New and Old World scientists.

He was a warm friend of Darwin and was the first to publish in defense of Darwin's position when it was subjected to prejudiced and unreasonable attack.

In the seventies Gray again attempted a flora of North America. It had grown to be a task far beyond the powers of any one writer. There can be no surprise that one lifetime was not sufficient for its completion. We can only marvel at the extent and excellence of what he did accomplish.

Gray was fortunate in the period during which he lived. His opportunities were unrivaled. Our country was even more fortunate in having at this epoch a scientist of Gray's acuteness to deal with its botanical problems. Otherwise they would have fallen largely to Old World investigators.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

B. L. ROBINSON

SCIENTIFIC EVENTS

A SECOND TEN-YEAR INDEX TO

CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS

THE American Chemical Society is planning to publish a collective index to Chemical Abstracts which will cover the period 1917 to 1926 inclusive. This project has been started in 1925 because it is necessary to obtain advance subscriptions to cover the greater part of the big expense and because an early decision as to the feasibility of issuing the index will favorably affect the economy of preparation and date of appearance. The advance subscription blanks were sent out by Secretary Charles L. Parsons, Mills Building, Washington, D. C., on May 9 and up to July 1 a little less than one third of the 3,000 advance subscriptions, estimated to be necessary to insure publication had been received.

In view of the fact that Chemical Abstracts has stressed completeness in covering the literature of chemistry, the index, if published, will serve as a key to virtually the whole of the world's chemical progress during its most active ten-year period. It is estimated that 7,000 pages of double-column fine print will be necessary to index this literature by authors and by subjects as planned. This will make six big volumes. The subject index will be an index of subjects, not of words (there is a big difference), and it will be based on abstracts, not merely on titles.

It is not thought that the importance of this project needs emphasis. The first Decennial Index to Chemical Abstracts was well supported and has proved its

usefulness. The second Decennial Index, because it will cover a period more active chemically, should be even more useful. To help in making the project possible by entering an advance subscription order will not only be a good investment as a personal time saver and from a strictly financial point of view (the few remaining sets of the first Decennial Index are selling at double the original price), but also it will be a good investment in service to chemistry, more particularly to chemistry in America (the foreign abstract journals regularly publish collective indexes). Most scientists are anxious to aid the cause of science, realizing as they do that science is a good servant of humanity. Those of us responsible for Chemical Abstracts like to think that the journal plays an essential rôle in the development of chemistry. The success of this second Decennial Index project is of vital importance to the future of Chemical Abstracts.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, COLUMBUS, OHIO

E. J. CRANE

THE ORTON MEMORIAL LIBRARY OF

GEOLOGY

IN 1916 General Edward Orton, Jr., generously proposed to the board of trustees of the Ohio State University to establish a library of geology in memory of his father, Dr. Edward Orton, the first president and the first professor of geology in the institution. Accordingly the trustees designated two rooms in Orton Hall for that purpose, and under General Orton's direction they were transformed into beautiful quarters, and the library was opened November 1, 1917.

It was thought that the rooms would be adequate for a long time, but in a few years stack room became scarce. General Orton then offered to equip larger quarters in Orton Hall if space could be found. Finally the commodious room with balcony which for years in large part housed the university library was offered. This was thoroughly remodeled and handsomely furnished. The shelves, tables and cases not only meet the best library demands, but they are very pleasing to the eye. Over the shelves hang oil paintings of geological scenes. Among these are a Moran of the Petrified Forest, a Bierstadt of Old Faithful and a Vollweider of the Alps. The new library was ready for use on January 5.

The books number about 11,000 and include many of the largest and most important sets published here and abroad. They include the university collection, the State Geological Survey exchanges, the library of the late Professor Charles S. Prosser and numerous volumes from the library of Dr. Orton. For the past

five years Generai Orton has supplied $500 annually for the purchase of books. Volumes donated are bound by the state without expense to the library.

Under such favorable conditions the collection, of course, is growing rapidly. Stack room for perhaps 25,000 is provided, and by connection with a room below at least 50,000 volumes can be housed. It is a library not only for the Ohio State University, but for all the geologists of Ohio.

HONORARY MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION

At the centenary celebration of Faraday's discovery of benzene held at the Royal Institution on June 16, the new honorary members were introduced by the secretary, Sir Arthur Keith, in the following words:

Gabriel Emile Bertrand, professor of biological chemistry at the Sorbonne, Paris, and director of the laboratory of biological chemistry at the Institut Pasteur. Professor Bertrand is distinguished as an inquirer into bacterial activity, particularly in connection with oxidation phenomena, of which he has made a special study. He has also paid great attention to the influence of minute quantities of metals not usually regarded as acting upon the course of vital change.

Ernst Julius Cohen, professor of general chemistry and inorganic chemistry in the University of Utrecht, Holland. Professor Cohen is an acknowledged leader in physical chemistry, the biographer in England of his master, Van't Hoff, and like him, a devoted student of Byron.

Piero Ginori-Conti, senatore, president of the Associazione Italiana de Chimica, Generale ed Applenta, Rome. Prince Ginori-Conti has acquired distinction by capturing natural steam and using it as a source of energy, at the same time extracting from it large quantities of boric acid. He manufactures perborates from this latter by Faraday's method of electrolytic oxidation.

James Flack Norris, professor of organic chemistry in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and secretary of the American National Research Council. Professor Norris is president of the American Chemical Society, a constituency of 15,000 chemists. He is professor in the most noted of American technical schools, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and himself a wellknown original worker.

Joji Sakurai, president of the Japanese National Research Council, emeritus professor of the Imperial Un versity of Tokyo, Japan, and member of the Japanese House of Peers. Professor Sakurai was a student under the late Professor A. Williamson at University College, London, one of the first small band of Japanese students who came to Europe to acquire a knowledge of western science. Working upon foundations laid by the late Professor Divers, he has long been noted as the inspiring mind in Japanese chemistry. A founder of the National Research Council of Japan, he is now actively engaged in promoting the application of science generally in his country.

Frederic Swarts, professor of chemistry in the University of Ghent, Belgium, and member of the Royal Academy of Belgium. Professor Swarts is the son and successor of the successor of Kekulé in Gand. His father was Kekulé's assistant at the time (1868) Sir James Dewar worked in Gand, together with Körner, celebrated as the first to disclose the value of Kekulé's benzene symbol. Professor Swarts is distinguished as a student of the organic compounds of fluorine.

PREPARATIONS FOR THE KANSAS CITY MEETING OF THE AMERICAN

ASSOCIATION

ARRANGEMENTS for the approaching annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and associated organizations, which will be held in Kansas City from December 28 to January 2 next, are being made. Dr. A. Ross Hill is chairman of the local committee for the Kansas City meeting and the secretary of the committee is Mr. W. M. Symon, manager of the convention bureau of the Kansas City Chamber of Commerce.

The general headquarters for the American Association will be at the Muehlebach Hotel. Other hotels, furnishing adequate additional accommodations for all who attend the meeting, will be available within two blocks of this hotel.

The association is assured of the usual reduced railway rates (a fare and a half for the round trip, certificate plan, as heretofore) for many railway lines and it is expected that the reduced rates will be available for most of the United States and Canada.

Each section of the association is to have a local representative, who will look after the interests of the section and the associated societies that meet with it. The local representatives are as follows:

Section A (mathematics). Professor Eugene Mitchell, 1313 Massachusetts Ave., Lawrence, Kansas.

Section B (physics). Mr. Ben F. Eyre, 306 Land Bank Bldg., Kansas City, Mo.

Section C (chemistry). Professor Herman Schlundt, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

Section D (astronomy). Dr. D. E. Haynes, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

Section E (geology and geography). Dr. H. A. Buehler, Rolla, Mo., chairman; Mr. Vernon F. Masters, 123 Railway Exchange Bldg., Kansas City, Mo.

Section F (zoological sciences). Dr. H. H. Lane, Zoology Department, University of Kansas, Lawrence,

Kans.

Section G (botanical sciences). Professor Albert Saeger, Junior College, Kansas City, Mo.

Section H (anthropology). Dr. C. A. Ellwood, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

Section I (psychology). Dr. W. A. Andrews, Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kans.

Section K (social and economic sciences). Mr. N. S. McKelvy, 1022 West 54th St., Kansas City, Mo.

Section L (historical and philological sciences). Mr. Purd Wright, Public Library, Kansas City, Mo. Section M (engineering). Mr. J. F. Porter, President, Kansas City Power and Light Co., 1330 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo.

Section N (medical sciences). Dr. W. W. Duke, 1814 Federal Reserve Bank Bldg., Kansas City, Mo.

Section O (agriculture). Professor W. A. Cochel, Central Shorthorn Breeders' Association, Hotel Baltimore, Kansas City, Mo.

Section Q (education). Mr. George Melcher, 226 Library Bldg., Kansas City, Mo.

Dr. M. I. Pupin, professor of electromechanics at Columbia University, will preside over the general sessions. At the opening session on the evening of Monday, December 28, the retiring presidential address will be given by Dr. J. McKeen Cattell, editor of SCIENCE. Tuesday evening will be devoted to the fourth annual Sigma Xi lecture, which will this year be given by W. M. Jardine, secretary of agriculture. On Wednesday afternoon will occur the third Josiah Willard Gibbs lecture of the American Mathematical Society, which will be given by Professor James Pierpont, of Yale University. It is planned that an evening general session will be devoted to several invited papers arranged by the Committee of One Hundred on Scientific Research.

BURTON E. LIVINGSTON, Permanent Secretary

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS

DR. IRVING LANGMUIR, of the General Electric Company, has been awarded the Cannizzaro Prize of the Royal National Academy of the Lincei, Rome.

DR. ROSS G. HARRISON, Bronson professor of comparative anatomy and director of the Osborn Zoological Laboratory at Yale University, has been awarded a John Scott Prize of $1,000 and a bronze medal by the Board of Directors of City Trusts, Philadelphia.

CAPTAIN WILLIAM S. EICHELBERGER, of the United States Naval Observatory, has been elected an associate of the Royal Astronomical Society.

E. F. W. ALEXANDERSON, consulting engineer of the General Electric Company, was decorated by the King of Sweden on July 2 with the Order of the North Star, the highest decoration. The decoration was part of the ceremony in connection with the official opening of Sweden's new high-powered radio station at Varberg.

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR F. D. MURNAGHAN, of the Johns Hopkins University, has been elected a member of the London Mathematical Society.

ELMER AMBROSE SPERRY, president of the Sperry Gyroscope Company, and Samuel Insull, president