ican Medical Association, president of the American Society of Tropical Medicine, 1924-1925, vice-president of the American Society of Parasitologists, 1925, a member of the National Malaria Committee and a corresponding member of various foreign societies. In 1923 he was given the honorary degree of doctor of science by the University of Maryland Medical School and the medal of merit was bestowed upon him posthumously by the Lebanon Government of Syria. A review of Darling's published work does not adequately represent his activities since he worked on. a number of problems about which he did not publish. To accomplish what he did in twenty years of scientific work required perseverance and industry such as is exhibited by very few scientists. Those who were so fortunate as to have worked with Dr. Darling learned to know him as an independent leader, a most charming and interesting companion and an investigator of the highest ideals. Mrs. Darling has very kindly presented Dr. Darling's library, which contains large numbers of books and reprints on medical zoology and allied subjects, to the department of medical zoology, of the School of Hygiene and Public Health of the Johns Hopkins University, where it will be known as the Samuel Taylor Darling Library and will constitute a fitting memorial for one who did so much to further the progress of scientific work in medical zoology. THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY R. W. HEGNER SCIENTIFIC EVENTS THE CENTENARY OF THE INVENTION OF PHOTOGRAPHY ACCORDING to a cable to the Christian Science Monitor by Sisley Huddleston, the International Congress of Photography celebrated on June 29 and throughout the week the one hundredth anniversary of the French discovery of the photographic methods by Joseph Nicéphore Niepce. On June 30 a commemorative plaque to Louis Daguerre was unveiled and a reception held at the Hotel de Ville. On July 2 there was a meeting at the Sorbonne, with President Doumergue present, under the chairmanship of von Delbos, secretary of technical instruction. Among other functions.was the opening of a retrospective exhibition of photography by Paul Leon, director of fine arts. By order of the government, the centenary was observed in the schools, where lessons were given on the subject of Niepce. Great interest was taken in the occasion and the newspapers emphasized the part taken by France in modern progress. Nicéphore Niepce, the French savant, was born at Chalon-sur-Saone in 1765. He devoted himself with his brother Claude to natural scientific study. It was the development of the lithographic process of printing in 1811 which interested him in the reproduction of designs. His first experiments with a sheet of tin covered with a composition sensitive to the action of light, on which he placed designs, were simple. He employed a dark room, but his main preoccupation was the search for suitable chemicals. He utilized a box with a hole admitting light, this being the precursor of the camera. M. Daguerre, working in association with him, perfected the appliances. It was not, however, until 1841 that the Daguerreotype was drastically improved, and a few years later photographs on glass were made and albumen employed. There were many workers in the same field from the second quarter of the nineteenth century onward, but it is agreed that the greatest innovators were Niepce and Daguerre. Both were poor and remained poor, though they have since made the fortunes of many others. Now that photography has become an art and has brought about the cinema, with possibilities hitherto unsuspected, France is doing honor to a neglected pioneer. THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS THE annual meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers was held at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., from June 23 to 26, with an attendance of more than 900. A well-diversified program was carried out, and several new and interesting developments were recorded. The meeting was notable for the manner in which the technical committee reports were presented and discussed and for the discussions of papers presented at the technical sessions. Outstanding topics that were reviewed concerned the best distribution system to use, the status of cables, developments in oil breakers and new features of transformers. New tools described and discussed included the quadrant electrometer or electrostatic wattmeter, an oscillograph for measuring transients and the klydonograph for measuring line disturbances. Inspection trips filled the afternoons, an especially noteworthy excursion being made to the General Electric Company's works at Schenectady. Excursions by motor and train to Lake George and other scenic points were also well attended. At a "feature" meeting on Thursday evening Director W. E. Wickenden, of the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, gave an address covering his impressions of European educational methods, and at an evening meeting on Wednesday Samuel S. Wyer presented a paper on Muscle Shoals and W. S. Lee told of the 540,000-hp. developments at Ile Maligne, on the Saguenay River, in Quebec. The incoming president, Dr. Michael I. Pupin, professor of electromechanics at Columbia University, and president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, succeeds Farley Osgood. THE THIRD NATIONAL COLLOID THE Third National Colloid Symposium, sponsored by the colloid committee of the division of chemistry and chemical technology of the National Research Council, was held at the University of Minnesota on June 17, 18 and 19. There were 356 persons registered as attending the scientific sessions. A study of the registration cards shows that this was truly a national symposium, inasmuch as the registrants came from thirty different states and four foreign countries. Of the 356 registrants, 90 were connected with industrial firms or other agencies not directly associated with educational institutions. The remainder were from educational institutions. The twin cities, St. Paul and Minneapolis, claimed 167 of the registrants, of which number 138 were associated in some capacity with the University of Minnesota, 7 with other educational institutions in the twin cities and 22 with industrial firms. The registration by states was as follows: Minnesota, 205; Wisconsin, 29; Illinois, 22; Ohio, 15; New York, 11; Michigan and Pennsylvania, 9 each; New Jersey, 6; North Dakota, South Dakota, California and Iowa, 5 each; District of Columbia and Missouri, 3 each; Massachusetts, Arkansas, Washington, Indiana, Montana, Maryland, Tennessee and Connecticut, 2 each; Colorado, Georgia, Kansas, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon and Texas, 1 each. There were two registrants from Canada, and one each from Germany, Hungary and Czecho-Slovakia. Professor Herbert Freundlich, of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Berlin-Dahlem, was the guest of honor. R. A. GORTNER APPOINTMENTS AT THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH THE Board of Scientific Directors of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research announces the following appointments and promotions: New Appointments: Members: Dr. Winthrop J. V. Osterhout Dr. Florence R. Sabin Associates: Dr. Robert T. Hance Assistants: Dr. Lawrence W. Bass Mr. William C. Cooper, Jr. Dr. Charles A. Doan Dr. Philip Finkle Mr. Earl S. Harris Dr. Charles H. Hitchcock Dr. Philip Levine Dr. Richmond L. Moore Dr. Ralph S. Muckenfuss Fellow: Dr. Telémaco S. Battistini Promotions: Fellow to Assistant: Dr. David Davidson Dr. Laura Florence, hitherto an associate in the department of animal pathology, has accepted an appointment as assistant professor of histology and embryology at the New York Homeopathic Medical College and Flower Hospital. Dr. Stuart Mudd, hitherto an associate in pathology and bacteriology, has accepted an appointment as assistant professor of experimental pathology at the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, and as associate in pathology at the Henry Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis. Dr. Christopher H. Andrews, hitherto as assistant in the department of the hospital, has accepted an appointment as assistant to Professor Francis R. Fraser, Medical Unit, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Dr. Douglas Boyd, hitherto an assistant in the department of the hospital, has accepted an appointment as assistant resident in surgery at Lakeside Hospital, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. Arnold M. Collins, hitherto an assistant in pathology and bacteriology, has accepted an appointment on the chemical research staff of the E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company, Wilmington, Delaware. Dr. Robert Elman, hitherto an assistant in pathology and bacteriology, has accepted an appointment as assistant in surgery, department of surgery, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri. Dr. Joseph H. B. Grant, hitherto an assistant in pathology and bacteriology, has accepted an appointment as house officer in pediatrics at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Dr. C. Philip Miller, Jr., hitherto an assistant in pathology and bacteriology, has accepted an appointment as assistant professor of medicine in the graduate school of medicine of the University of Chicago. Dr. Waro Nakahara, hitherto an assistant in biophysics, has accepted an appointment as associate pathologist at the Government Institute for Infectious Diseases, Tokio Imperial University, and research associate at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research of Tokio. Dr. Everett S. Sanderson, hitherto an assistant in the department of animal pathology, has accepted an appointment as assistant professor of bacteriology in the Medical School of the University of Virginia. Dr. David T. Smith, hitherto an assistant in pathology and bacteriology, has accepted an appointment as pathologist at the New York State Hospital for Incipient Tuberculosis, Ray Brook, New York. Dr. Elmer L. Straub, hitherto an assistant in pathology and bacteriology, has accepted an appointment as assistant resident pathologist at the University of Louisville, Kentucky. Dr. Chester M. Van Allen, hitherto an assistant in pathology and bacteriology, has accepted an appointment as assistant professor of surgery in the graduate school of medicine of the University of Chicago. THE NEW BUILDING OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY THE new building and laboratories of the Marine Biological Laboratory, at Woods Hole, were dedicated on July 3. Charles R. Crane, president of the Board of Trustees, presided and addresses were given by Professor Frank R. Lillie, director; Professor Edmurid B. Wilson, Columbia University, and Professor Ed vin G. Conklin, Princeton University. The addresses were followed by an inspection of buildings and work, with afternoon tea in the library. The first of the series of evening lectures was delivered by Professor W. J. V. Osterhout, his subject being "Absorption and accumulation." In 1920 the first plans for the new building by Coolidge and Shattuck were before the trustees, and with the cooperation of the National Research Council a search for funds was begun. In January, 1924, one million four hundred thousand dollars were in hand. This fund represents contributions of the Rockefeller Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation, Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and the Friendship Fund. In addition, Mr. Charles R. Crane agreed to be responsible for the cost of the new building beyond the original estimate of five hundred thousand dollars. Nine hundred thousand dollars of the total sum has been invested for endowment. Previous to the acquisition of the new funds, the educational plant and other resources of the laboratory were valued at about five hundred thousand dollars, so that the laboratory now administers some two million dollars, represented by plant and investments. While the new building provides ample space for the expansion of the library, a commodious lecture hall and rooms for the general offices, the provisions important for scientific work are the research rooms, supplied not only with fresh and salt water for the aquaria, but with arrangements for the control of light and temperature and with the several forms of electric current. In addition there are special installations, such as X-ray rooms, galvanometer room, photographic rooms, experimental dark rooms, constant-temperature rooms, etc., to meet the requirements for advanced biophysical and biochemical work. SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS THE Council of the National Academy of Sciences has accepted the invitation of the University of Wisconsin to hold the autumn meeting of the Academy in Madison, Wisconsin, on November 9, 10 and 11. Arrangements for this meeting will be made by the local committee, the chairman of which is Professor C. K. Leith, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. PROFESSOR ERNST COHEN, of the University of Utrecht, has been elected president, and Dr. James F. Norris, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, vice-president, of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, at its recent meeting in Bucharest. It was decided to hold the next meeting in the United States in 1926. THE honorary degrees of doctor of science were conferred upon M. Niels Bohr, professor of physics and director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at Copenhagen, and on Brigadier-General Charles G. Bruce, leader of the Mount Everest Expedition, by Oxford University on June 24. DR. JOHN JOLLY, professor of geology and mineralogy in the University of Dublin, has received the honorary degree of doctor of science from the University of Cambridge. THE honorary degree of doctor of engineering has been conferred upon Sir Dugald Clerk by the University of Liverpool. DR. ALBERT E. WHITE, professor and director of engineering research in the University of Michigan, has had conferred on him by Brown University the honorary doctorate of science. SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY has conferred the degree of doctor of science on Dr. Horatio B. Williams, professor of physiology in Columbia University. DR. GEORGE GAILEY CHAMBERS, professor of mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania, has received from Dickinson College the honorary degree of doctor of science. Ar its annual commencement Berea College conferred the honorary degree of doctor of science upon Professor Willard Rouse Jillson, state geologist and director of the Kentucky Geological Survey. DR. R. W. THATCHER, director of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, was awarded the degree of doctor of laws at the commencement exercises at Hobart College on June 15. DIRECTOR G. I. CHRISTIE, of Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, has received the honorary degree of doctor of science from the Iowa State Agricultural College. Ar the anniversary meeting of the Linnean Society on May 26, the society's Linnean medal in gold, its highest award, was presented to Professor Francis Wall Oliver, professor of botany in the University of London at University College since 1888. THE Albert medal has been awarded by the Council of the Royal Society of Arts, England, to LieutenantColonel Sir David Prain, "for the application of botany to the development of the raw materials of the empire." The medal was instituted in 1863 by the society and is awarded annually "for distinguished merit in promoting arts, manufactures and commerce." THE National Surgical Society of France has awarded the quinquennial Lannelongue prize, consisting of a gold medal and 5,000 francs, to Dr. George Crile, of Western Reserve University. DR. LOUIS A. BAUER, director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, has been elected to membership in the Institute of Coimbra, Portugal. THE Committee on the award of institute prizes of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers has made the following awards: The "transmission prize" for 1924 to R. D. Evans and R. C. Bergvall, authors of a paper entitled "Experimental analysis of stability and power limitations," and the "first paper prize" for 1924 to Murray F. Gardner, author of a paper entitled "Corona investigation on an artificial line." DR. E. A. ECKHARDT, who for six years has been in charge of the sound laboratory of the Bureau of Standards, has resigned to join the staff of the newly organized research department of the Marland Oil Company of Oklahoma. DR. ROBERT P. BIGELOW, professor of zoology and parasitology in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has been relieved from the duties of librarian in order to devote his entire time to teaching and research. William N. Seaver has been promoted from assistant librarian to be librarian with the title of assistant professor. ANNOUNCEMENT is made by Chas. M. Upham, director of the highway research board of the National Research Council, that Professor S. S. Steinberg, of the University of Maryland, has been designated acting secretary of the new investigation begun by that board on the development of earth roads. DR. R. L. RIGDON, of the Stanford University Medical School, has been made emeritus professor of genito-urinary surgery and appointed consultant in urology at Lane Hospital. On the thirtieth anniversary of his connection with the university, Dr. A. Carle, professor of surgery, Turin, was presented with a scholarship fund and a two-volume collection of scientific works dedicated to him. PROFESSOR WILLIAM ERNEST DALBY, F.R.S., has been appointed a member of the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Robert Young. AT the anniversary meeting of the Linnean Society, London, the following officers were elected: President, Dr. A. B. Rendle; treasurer, H. W. Monckton; secretaries, Dr. B. Daydon Jackson (general), Dr. W. T. Calman (zoology) and J. Ramsbottom (botany). THE following appointments have been made by the Royal College of Surgeons, England, for the ensuing year: Hunterian professors-Sir Arthur Keith, on the evolution of the higher primates; Arthur Edmunds, on pseudo-hermaphrodism and hypospadias and their surgical treatment; J. E. Adams, on the surgery of the jejunum; E. M. Woodman, on malignant disease of the esophagus; A. T. Edwards, on the surgical treatment of phthisis and bronchiectasis; A. L. Abel, on the treatment of cancer of the esophagus; H. W. B. Cairns, on neoplasms of the testicle. Arris and Gale lecturers-Stanford Cade, on cholecys tography; Alfred Piney, on the importance of haematology in surgery. Erasmus Wilson lectureship— C. E. Shattock, demonstrations on pathology. Arnott demonstratorship-Sir Arthur Keith, demonstrations on the contents of the museum. BEGINNING in January, 1926, Dr. Maynard M. Metcalf will be at the Johns Hopkins University, Homewood, Baltimore, Md., where he has accepted appointment as research associate in zoology. In September, 1925, he will go to South America, chiefly to collect Opalinidae for an intensive study of the sexual phases of the life history. He will spend several months at the Musco Nacional in Montevideo and shorter periods in Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Ayres, Chile and Barro Colorado Island in the Panama Canal Zone. The Bache Fund of the National Academy of Sciences has made a grant toward the expenses of the trip. DR. JOHN A. MILLER, director of Sproul Observatory at Swarthmore College, has left for Sumatra as head of the expedition to observe the total solar eclipse of January 14, 1926. DR. S. F. BLAKE, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, is spending several weeks at museums in Paris, Geneva and London for the purpose of studying type specimens of certain American species of plants. W. B. KILGORE, dean of agriculture of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, has resigned. He has gone to Europe in the interest of the American Cotton Exchange and will return at the end of July. AT the request of the government of Chile, Dr. John D. Long, assistant surgeon general, U. S. Public Health Service, will become technical adviser in public health to the Chilean ministry of hygiene. DR. ALBERT PERRY BRIGHAM, of Colgate University, and Mrs. Brigham, are spending the summer and autumn in Europe, chiefly in France, Switzerland and England. DR. THORNE M. CARPENTER, of the Nutrition Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution, Boston, has recently returned from a five-months' tour of university laboratories, clinics and research institutions in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, France, Belgium, Holland and Great Britain. During the trip he gave thirty lectures on the investigations of the laboratory in twenty-two cities before various scientific organizations. DR. W. R. B. ROBERTSON, of the department of zoology of the University of Missouri, and Dr. David D. Whitney, of the department of zoology of the University of Nebraska, are spending a part of the summer in the Kansas State Agricultural College. Dr. Robertson is carrying on cytological research, using the pedigreed grouse locusts (Tettigidae). Dr. Whitney is teaching zoology in the summer school and carrying on research with the rotifers of the region of Manhattan. DR. PERCY NORTON EVANS, head of the department of chemistry at Purdue University for twenty-five years, died on July 3, at the age of fifty-six years. JAMES BOLTON MACBRYDE, professor of chemistry at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, has died at the age of fifty-nine years. PROFESSOR WALTER SCOTT HENDRIXON, professor of chemistry at Grinnell College, Iowa, has died, aged sixty-six years. DR. LESLEY H. SPOONER, physician to the outpatient department of the Massachusetts General Hospital and formerly instructor in bacteriology at the Harvard Medical School, died on June 29, aged fortyfour years. PROFESSOR HERMANN KOSSEL, director of the Hygienic Institute in Heidelberg and brother of the physiologist, Albert Kossel, of the same university, recently died at the age of sixty-one years. M. ANGHEL SALIGNY, the Rumanian engineer, who was responsible for many engineering works of Rumania, including the bridge over the Danube at Cernavoda and the ports of Constanza, Galatz, and Braila, has died at Bucharest. THE tenth annual meeting of the Optical Society of America will be held at Ithaca, N. Y., on October 29, 30 and 31, 1925. A CLIMATOLOGICAL congress, arranged by the Davos Institute for Alpine Physiology and Tuberculosis Research, will be held at Davos, Switzerland, on Au30 and 31. WE learn from Nature that the fourteenth International Geological Congress is to be held in Madrid during May and June, 1926. The provisional list of subjects for general discussion includes the following topics: The world's reserves of phosphates and pyrites, geology of the Mediterranean and of Africa, Cambrian and Silurian faunas, Tertiary vertebrates and foraminifera, Hercynian folds, modern theories of metallogeny, vulcanism and the application of geophysical studies to geology. Excursions covering a wide range of interests are being arranged. The general secretary for the congress is Senor E. Dupuy de Lôme, Geological Institute of Spain, Plaza de los Mostenses 2, Madrid. ORGANIZATION of a national Engineering Community Trust, with an endowment of $20,000,000, under the headship of the Engineering Foundation and with headquarters in New York, is planned by American engineers and has the approval of Alfred D. Flinn, director of the Foundation, who said: "Mr. Swasey intended his gifts for the Engineering Foundation to be but the beginning of a trust for the engineering community, which would grow to great size by many additions from engineers and other persons who are interested in, or who have profited from, engineering." PUBLIC lectures will be given at the New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon at 4 o'clock during the months of July and August as follows: |