$3,500, most of this being given by Mr. Joseph S. Fay; the homestead was used as a "mess hall." In 1892, in order to accommodate the increasing number of investigators, a north wing, equal in size to the original building, was added at a cost of about $4,000. In 1894 a large mess hall was constructed adjoining the homestead, costing about $3,500, and the botanical laboratory was built at a cost of $3,000. In 1896 another building was erected, at a cost of $3,400, to provide a larger lecture hall and additional rooms for investigators.

This rather rapid expansion had taxed severely the financial resources of the trustees, but Whitman insisted on going ahead, even though no funds were in sight. He ordered the building of the new lecture hall in spite of the fact that the trustees refused to authorize it, and he himself afterwards secured the money to pay for it. This continued pressure for expansion on his part led to friction with the trustees and ultimately to the reorganization of 1897, by which the corporation and board of trustees were enlarged and the annual meetings of those bodies transferred from Boston in November to Woods Hole in August.

At that time the total assets of the laboratory were estimated to be about $35,000. Between 1901 and 1905, friends of the laboratory, chief among whom were Mr. Charles R. Crane, Mrs. Frank R. Lillie and Mr. L. L. Nunn, gave for various objects about $25,000, and in 1903 the land on which the Old Stone Building or "candle factory" stands was bought for about $7,000. The following year the laboratory acquired its first water frontage on the harbor at a cost of about $7,000, which was given by Dr. John C. Phillips.

In 1902 the Carnegie Institution of Washington made a grant of $4,000 to the laboratory and during the three following years gave $10,000 each year. This very generous gift and the prospect of a laboratory free from debt and amply supported led the majority of the trustees to favor turning the laboratory over to the Carnegie Institution, but Whitman strenuously opposed this and insisted that the laboratory should remain an independent organization and his opposition led to the withdrawal of that proposal. At that time most of the trustees felt that this was a grave mistake, for the income of the laboratory was several thousand dollars short of meeting current expenses and there was no assured source of funds to meet this deficit or for much needed expansion. But all friends of the laboratory have now come to see the wisdom of Whitman's insistence on preserving its independence.

On January 1, 1907, the total assets of the laboratory were estimated to be about $70,000; they had

doubled in ten years. Since that time they have increased almost thirty fold. The initial impulse for this great growth we owe to Mr. Charles R. Crane. Every year since 1909 Mr. Crane has contributed $20,000 to meet the deficits of the laboratory and for other purposes and every year since then he has made some notable addition to our estate. In 1909 he secured for us the Kidder lot, on which this new building stands; in 1911 he gave us the Kidder Annex and lot between the old laboratories and the botany building and also the Woods Hole Yacht Club, now the M. B. L. Club; in 1913 he gave us our first permanent, fireproof building erected at a cost of about $115,000 and dedicated in 1914; in 1915 the old "Gifford Homestead" was torn down and a new and much larger building erected in its place to be used as a dormitory, and in the following year the Ritter house and Whitman cottage were acquired and converted into dormitories; in 1916 the lot on which stands the old "bake house" of whaling days was bought and the building converted into a general shop for carpenters and plumbers, and in this same year a notable step was taken in buying the Gansett property of twenty-one acres, which was subdivided into lots to be sold to workers in the laboratory, and eighteen houses have already been built there; in 1917 the Bar Neck property and wharf, which was the whaling wharf of former days, was bought, as well as the Newman Cottage; in 1920 the mess hall having been destroyed by fire, the present enlarged and improved mess hall was erected in its place; in 1923 the Kidder Cottage was bought and converted into a dormitory, in 1924 the Hubbard house was bought and suffered a similar fate, and this year Dr. Drew's house was bought and is being used as a dormitory. Almost all this great enlargement of the laboratory's estate has been brought about by the generosity of Mr. Crane.

In 1919 efforts were begun to secure a million dollars for a new building and endowment, and in 1922 the Rockefeller Foundation contributed $500,000 and the Carnegie Corporation $100,000 on condition that a million should be raised and that the Friendship Fund, established by Mr. Crane, should endow its annual contribution of $20,000. In December, 1923, Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., contributed $400,000, thus completing the million dollar fund, and the Friendship Fund turned over to a trust company for the benefit of the laboratory $405,000. In addition the Friendship Fund met the cost of this new building and its equipment in excess of $500,000. At present the total assets of the laboratory are more than two million dollars, of which about $900,000 is held as endowment.

Thus has the Marine Biological Laboratory come up from a condition of penury to one of affluence, from a day of small things to one of greatness, from anxious hope to glorious realization. In this story of the growth of the Marine Biological Laboratory there is romance and inspiration, and in dealing with its material growth there has been presented the least romantic and inspiring part of the story. That would be found in the laborious days and wakeful nights and thrilling discoveries of its workers, but there is no time left to tell this part of our history and it does not lend itself so readily to lantern slide illustration.

Let us close with a word of appreciation of the labor and service and sacrifice of those who have made this day possible. Our founders and benefactors have left to us a noble heritage in this institution and its ideals. They labored not for themselves only but for their successors, and we dedicate this building not merely to present but to future generations. Our strongest social instincts are for service; the joy of life is progress; the desire of all men is for immortality through their work. We may be forgotten, as many of our predecessors and benefactors have been, but with Huxley we may say, "I am content to be remembered or not to be remembered so only the truth is advanced." In the dedication of this superb temple of truth, all who have had any part may take a just pride and it is eminently fitting that we should recall with gratitude those who have in any way contributed to this great institution. A common mistake is to fix upon one man, one event, one gene as the cause of some complex development. No one man, foundation or event has been the cause of the Marine Biological Laboratory of to-day. In some measure it is the result of all that has gone before. Nevertheless, there are certain outstanding men who should be recalled with gratitude to-day; among these are the following forerunners and founders: Louis Agassiz, Spencer F. Baird, Alpheus Hyatt, W. G. Farlow, E. G. Gardiner, C. S. Minot, W. T. Sedgwick.

Since its foundation there has been an ever-increasing number of friends and benefactors of the laboratory. It is not possible to name them all, but we should be lacking in gratitude if we failed to name, on this occasion, those who have made possible this great material development of the Marine Biological Laboratory, viz., The Rockefeller Foundation, The Carnegie Corporation, The Friendship Fund, Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and last but not least, Mr. Charles R. Crane.

Not only to these benefactors but to the men and women who have unselfishly worked here do we owe

a debt of gratitude. Others gave their money and influence, these gave their work and their lives. Among them are: C. O. Whitman, director for twenty-one years; Frank R. Lillie, assistant director for ten years and director for eighteen years; H. C. Bumpus, assistant director for five years; J. I. Peck, assistant director for three years, and Gilman A. Drew, assistant director for fifteen years the man who more than any other one person is responsible for the scientific planning of this building.

Our gratitude is due also to many others-investigators, instructors, students and staff-whose labors have become part of the fame and influence of this laboratory. Among these workers is one whom we sadly miss to-day, but whose name and fame will ever be associated with this place Jacques Loeb. Many of these founders and workers have gone from us forever, but their memory remains a permanent and priceless possession. "They builded better than they knew." Would that they might be with us today to see this consummation of their labors and hopes! "They rest from their labors but their works do follow them." "Others have labored and we have entered into their labors."

This great laboratory, the greatest of its kind, offers an unparalleled opportunity and a serious responsibility. Scientific institutions such as this are the most distinctive and most hopeful contribution of this age to the progress of civilization and of mankind. Gifted with immortal youth, inspired by high ideals of truth and service, may this laboratory be a center of discovery, of learning and of progress to generations yet unborn!

This is a day not only of retrospect but of prospect; not only of rejoicing but of resolution. Here we dedicate not only this building but ourselves to the "increase and diffusion of knowledge among men," to a higher civilization and a better humanity, to the search for truth which shall make us free.

SCIENTIFIC EVENTS

THE WILD LIFE RESERVATION ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER

INITIAL steps have been taken by the Department of Agriculture for the purchase of lands for the creation of the upper Mississippi river wild life and fish refuge, authorized by congress in June, 1924.

Funds amounting to $400,000 became available on July 1. The expectation is that ultimately more than $1,500,000 will be expended for the acquisition of overflowed lands on either side of the Mississippi in Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota for a distance of about 300 miles from Rock Island, Ill., to Wabasha, Minn.

The refuge is designed as a feeding and resting place for wild fowl and other migratory birds and a natural home for fur animals. In addition, it is to be established for preservation of fishes and trees, wild flowers and other native plants.

Secretary Jardine has authority to purchase lands for the refuge, and administration is to be in charge of the Bureau of Biological Survey, which maintains many similar places owned by the government.

Jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture will extend to wild birds, game, animals, fur-bearing animals, trees, wildflowers and plants where the Department of Commerce will have jurisdiction with respect to fishes, mussels and other aquatic life. The two departments are authorized to make suitable regulations governing hunting and fishing on the areas acquired.

The areas to be purchased are limited to bottom lands between the river and the bluffs, which rise precipitously on each side from 200 to 400 feet. The average price under the law can not exceed $5 an

acre.

In this region the Mississippi flows through a valley averaging three to five miles in width. At times of high water a large part of this area is overflowed and not suitable for agriculture. There are many permanent sloughs and bayous, some of them navigable to boats of light draft.

To save fish in these cut-off bodies of water the Bureau of Fisheries sends agents each year to return them to the Mississippi or carry them to other localities for restocking depleted streams. Thus millions are rescued every year by federal and state agencies in one of the greatest spawning grounds in the country for such species as bass, pike and sunfish.

NEW PLAN OF STUDY FOR HONORS STUDENTS AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DR. DUGALD C. JACKSON, professor of electrical engineering, has sent to certain students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology an invitation to become members of the honors group, a plan which was recommended by the corporation's visiting committee on electrical engineering and which the faculty authorized to be put into effect beginning with the next academic year.

The plan provides to the students in the group greater independence of study within the scope and ideals of the curriculum than is characteristic of the usual practice, and includes the following features:

The students in the group will be privileged to attend the class exercises of the regular subjects or not, as they individually please; but will be expected to successfully pass the usual term examinations, which should be readily accomplished as a result of the special reading proposed.

The laboratory work of each term, which now usually consists of a series of independent assignments, will consist of a general assignment relating to the principles of construction and the characteristics of the circuits, instruments and machinery treated during the term, with the time and method of work largely determined by the interest of each individual student, who will carry on under the advice and direction of the conference adviser. Students will be encouraged to carry on this work as far as practicable as individual investigations of the principles and applications under consideration, directed along paths of their own interests in the subject. The usual laboratory reports will be omitted, and the report for each student will be his notebook containing an outline of his plan for the term, the record of his various investigations and measurements, his comments and a brief summing up toward the end of the term of his accomplishments and progress during the term.

Freedom from existing restrictions of scheduled class hours and laboratory hours will afford greater opportunity for more reading and study related to the subjects under consideration. In order that the students' progress may be orderly and any difficulties encountered may be courageously faced and overcome a conference of an hour and a half each week will be held between the group and a member of the faculty learned in the subjects for the term, in which conferences the progress and the difficulties will be mutually discussed. Substitution of subjects in the curriculum will also be provided for to accommodate particular tastes and interests of students.

If the student becomes interested in a particular investigation, even as early as the junior year, that would develop into a suitable thesis project, this may be substituted for the larger part of the usual laboratory work.

For the purpose of stimulating the group to the scholarly thoughtfulness regarding their careers that is needful for distinguished leadership in creative electrical engineering, near the end of the senior year each student in the group will present to his conference advisers an oral statement of his progress and accomplishments during the junior and senior years, with comments on his grasp of the electrical engineering field and its collaterals.

THE NEW YORK INTER-SECTIONAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

AN inter-sectional meeting of the American Chemical Society will be held in New York City from September 29 to October 1. All meetings will be held in Rumford Hall, the Chemists' Club, 52 East 41st Street, New York, at 10 A. M. unless otherwise noted. The following program will be presented:

Symposium on Motor Fuel and Oil Conservation. Dr. C. O. Johns, chairman.

September 29.-"Petroleum aspects of oil conservation": K. G. Mackenzie, consulting chemist, The Texas Company.

September 30.-"Fermentation industries and motor

fuel" Milton C. Whitaker, president of the U. S. Industrial Alcohol Co. "Complete utilization of coal and motor fuel:" A. C. Fieldner, superintendent, Pittsburgh station, U. S. Bureau of Mines. October 1.-"Motor design and fuel conservation": C. F. Kettering, president of the General Motors Research Corporation.

Fourth Chemical Industry Banquet.

October 1, at 8:00 P. M., banquet to take place at the Hotel Roosevelt. The speakers will be Dr. Chas. H. Herty, president of the Synthetic Chemical Manufacturers' Association, toastmaster; Honorable James E. Wadsworth, U. S. Senator from New York, and others to be announced.

Symposium on Artificial Silk.

October 2.-"The development of the artificial silk industry': M. G. Luft, technical director of the Industrial Fiber Company.

Informal Supper and Smoker.

October 2, at 7:00 P. M., informal supper and smoker to be held at the men's faculty club of Columbia University. Dr. Alexander Findlay, of the University of Aberdeen, will speak on "The appeal of science to the community."

THE SCOPES SCHOLARSHIP FUND APPROXIMATELY one third of the $5,000 fund being raised by the scientists of the country to further the graduate training of John T. Scopes, defendant in the Dayton evolution trial, has now been collected. Thus far, non-scientists have surpassed scientists, both in numbers interested and in the size of individual contributions; but this was expected, since most scientific men are away from their usual addresses during the summer. With the return of college and university faculties, the response of the profession most interested in the freedom of teaching will become more complete, and the balance of the fund will probably be quickly gathered. A complete list of contributors will be published.

Mr. Scopes has signified his intention to begin his graduate work in geology at the University of Chicago at the opening of the fall term. His thanks, and the thanks of the scholarship committee, are extended to all who by contributions and personal effort have made this recognition of his services to science possible.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS

THE date of the Oxford meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science next year, at which the Prince of Wales will be president, is to be from August 4 to 11. The meeting in 1927 is to be held in Leeds. Vice-presidents appointed for the Oxford meeting include Sir Charles Sherrington, Dr. Gilbert C. Bourne, Professor E. B. Poulton, Sir Arthur Evans and Professor H. H. Turner. New members of the council of the association are: Professor A. L. Bowley, Dr. H. H. Dale, Sir Richard Gregory, Professor T. P. Nunn and Professor A. 0. Rankine.

PROFESSOR GEORGE C. COMSTOCK, of Beloit, Wis., formerly director of the Washburn Observatory of the University of Wisconsin, has been elected president of the American Astronomical Society to succeed Dr. W. W. Campbell, president of the University of California and director of the Lick Observatory. Professor S. A. Mitchell, of the Leander McCormick Observatory of the University of Virginia, was elected vice-president, and Professor Joel Stebbins, of the University of Wisconsin, and Professor Benjamin Boss, of the Dudley Observatory at Albany, N. Y., were reelected secretary and treasurer. Professor H. C. Wilson, of Carleton College, and Dr. W. H. Wright, of the Lick Observatory, were elected members of the council.

THE Committee appointed by Secretary Hoover to consider questions of policy and reorganization in connection with the transfer of the Bureau of Mines from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Commerce consist of the following: J. V. W. Reynders, president of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, New York, Chairman; C. P. White, chief of the Coal Division of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce, Washington, Secretary; H. Foster Bain, ex-director of the bureau, New York; J. G. Bradley, ex-president of the National Coal Association, Dundon, West Virginia; L. S. Cates, president of the American Mining Congress, Salt Lake City; D. M. Folsom, vice-president of the American Petroleum Institute, San Francisco; Phil Murray, vicepresident of the United Mine Workers of America, Pittsburgh.

DR. THEOBALD SMITH, director of the department of animal pathology of the Rockefeller Institute, has been nominated president of the International Anti-Tuberculosis Union. At the recent Geneva meeting it was decided that the next international conference should be held at Washington, from September 30 to October 2, 1926.

GENERAL ALLEN, former American representative

on the Rhinelands Commission, has received the honorary degree of doctor of medicine, for his services to German public health in connection with relief work, from the University of Frankfort-on-Main.

DR. E. P. FELT, state entomologist, State Museum, Albany, N. Y., completed his thirtieth year of service on September 14.

DR. G. LAGERHEIM, professor of botany in the University of Stockholm, Sweden, having reached the age limit of sixty-five years, retired on September 1, but will continue investigations at the same institution. He is preparing a rust flora of Stockholm and vicinity.

A NUMBER of physicians in Brazil recently sent a greeting engraved on parchment to the retiring professor of neurology at Paris, Dr. Pierre Marie, expressing their appreciation of his scientific work.

PROFESSOR G. CECCARELLI, Perugia, is the recipient this year of the Zannetti prize, given by the Florence Academy of Sciences, for his works on skin grafting.

THE following appointments have been made in the organization of The Koppers Company at Pittsburgh, Pa.: F. W. Sperr, Jr., director of research; O. O. Malleis, chief chemist; H. J. Rose, assistant chief chemist.

DR. ROBIN WILLIS, instructor in the department of geology at Princeton University, has been appointed petroleum geologist for the Texas Company.

THE soil improvement committee of the National Fertilizer Association, Washington, has announced the appointment of Professor John B. Abbott, who for the past five years has had charge of soils extension work in Massachusetts, as consulting agronomist for the northeastern states.

CARL Z. DRAVES, of the University of Washington, Seattle, has accepted a position as research chemist in the Dyestuffs Technical Sales Laboratory of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del.

DR. A. A. MICHELSON, professor of physics at the University of Chicago, has returned from Pasadena, where he has been carrying out experiments to determine the velocity of light. He will return to Mount Wilson next May to resume the investigations.

DR. VERNON KELLOGG, of the National Research Council, has returned from Europe where he attended meetings of the International Research Council at Brussels, the League of Nations' Committee on International Intellectual Cooperation at Geneva, and the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Southampton. While in Belgium he was made Commander of the Order of Leopold by King Albert.

DR. J. C. ARTHUR, of Purdue University, and Dr. F. D. Kern, of Pennsylvania State College, have returned from a six-weeks self-imposed mission to Europe. The purpose of the mission, which had the advice and encouragement of the National Research Council, was to consult with the leading uredinologists regarding fundamental propositions and constructive theories pertaining to the development of plant rusts. The question of improved terminology, which might obtain international approval, was also considered. Botanists of Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and England gave frank and critical examination to the matter presented and expressed appreciation of the value of international cooperation.

DURING the summer, Professor R. M. Field, of the department of geology at Princeton University; Dr. C. E. Resser, associate paleontologist in the United States National Museum, and Dr. E. O. Ulrich, also of the National Museum, studied the early Paleozoic rocks of northwestern Europe. They traveled by automobile through Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany and France. The expedition was a joint undertaking of Princeton University and the Smithsonian Institution.

ROY CHAPMAN ANDREWS, leader of the third Asiatic expedition of the American Museum of Natural History, has reported the safe arrival in inner Mongolia of his collection of dinosaur eggs, fossil skulls and bones, collected on his recent explorations in outlying Mongolian regions. Members of the expedition will sail on the steamer Taft for the United States on October 15.

DR. CURT P. RICHTER, of the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic, Baltimore, and Dr. George B. Wislocki, of the department of embryology of the Johns Hopkins University, have returned from Central America, where they studied tropical animal life; most of their time was spent at the Institute for Research in Tropical America.

DR. RADOJE M. TADITCH, director of the bacteriologic laboratory of the State Hospital at Belgrade, is studying at the Johns Hopkins University under the auspices of the Rockefeller Foundation. Dr. Taditch will be assistant professor of hygiene on his return in the Belgrade Medical School.

DR. M. BODANSKY, associate professor of biological chemistry at the University of Texas school of medicine, has been granted leave of absence for 1925-1926 to accept a temporary appointment in the department of chemistry of Stanford University.

SIR ERNEST RUTHERFORD arrived in Adelaide, Australia, on September 3, and on the same day delivered a lecture at the University of Adelaide on "The structure of the atom." Sir Ernest, who is to deliver lec