Section Chairman, George Coleman, State University, Iowa City.

Nutritive value of powdered milk together with observations for a new vitamine for reproduction: L. T. ANDEREGG and V. E. NELSON.

Cod liver oil as a source of vitamine A: GEORGIAN ADAMS, L. T. ANDEREGG and V. E. NELSON.

Some dolomites: N. KNIGHT.

The need of computation rules in chemical calculations: STEPHEN POPOFF.

The action of certain oxidizing agents on sulfite and its determination: W. S. HENDRIXSON.

Microstructure of paint films: H. L. MAXWELL. Condensations with alkylene bromides: H. F. LEWIS and CHARLES FORDYCE.

Bromination of methyl-4 acetylaminophenyl ketone: L. CHARLES RAIFORD and H. L. DAVIS.

Vanadium oxytrichloride as a solvent: F. E. BROWN and J. E. SNYDER.

Conductance in liquid hydrogen sulfide solutions: G. N. QUAM and J. A. WILKINSON.

The determination of the equilibrium constant for the reaction, 280,=SO2+S, at the temperature of boiling sulfur: W. R. SKIDMORE and JACOB CORNOG.

The effect of temperature and solvent on nitrogen trichloride additions: acetylene hydrocarbons and nitrogen trichloride: G. H. COLEMAN, C. N. OWENS and J. A. RODRIGUEZ.

The reaction of nitrogen trichloride with various types of olefine hydrocarbons: G. H. COLEMAN, A. W. CAMPBELL and G. M. MELLINS.

Determination of total acidity in the presence of substances which make indicators or hydrogen electrodes useless: STEPHEN POPOFF and M. J. MCHENRY.

Decomposition of hydrogen bromide by the silent electric discharge: ANSON HAYES and J. J. CANFIELD.

Scale formations in water cooling systems of refrigerating machines: EDWARD BARTOW.

The preparation of pure octane: H. F. LEWIS and G. ROBERT YOHE.

The preparation of pure di-isobutyl: H. F. LEWIS and J. WESLEY FLEMING.

The mechanism of the reaction between nitro compounds and organo magnesium halides: HENRY GILMAN and Roy MCCRACKEN.

A comparison of the food values of Iowa winter apples: PAUL W. FRISK.

Systems formed by certain inorganic compounds with liquid sulfur dioxide: HowARD T. BEACH with P. A. BOND.

Vitamine A and longevity: J. H. HANSBROUGH, V. E. NELSON and E. I. FULMER.

GEOLOGY

Section Chairman, Glenn Dillé, Coe College, Cedar Rapids.

A Ceraurus pleurexanthemus Green, from McGregor: A. O. THOMAS.

Notes on some Paleozoic Echinoderms: A. O. THOMAS.

An unusual oolite near Hayfield, Frederick county, Virginia: A. S. FURCRON.

The Mississippian-Pennsylvanian and PennsylvanianPleistocene unconformities in Lucas county, Iowa: A. D. LUGN.

Some large glacial boulders in Des Moines county, Iowa: A. L. LUGN.

A general description and history of the Macbride collection of fossil Cycads at the State University of Iowa: GRACE ELIZABETH NEBRO.

Glacial geology of Story county, Iowa: JOHN E. SMITH.

Deep well at Morning Sun: J. M. LINDLEY.

The Cambrian of the Mauston Quadrangle, Wisconsin: WILLIAM F. V. LEICHT.

Stratigraphic value of volcanic ash: CHARLES KEYES. New method of precise geological correlation: CHARLES KEYES.

Stone axes from Adel: JAMES H. LEES.

The occurrence of caliche in Oklahoma: JOHN T. LONSDALE.

Physical features of the Hawaiian islands: CHESTER K. WENTWORTH.

The Indians of the Fort Apache region: ALBERT B. REAGAN.

Sedimentary processes on volcanic islands: CHESTER K. WENTWORTH.

Translocation of Iowa's Siouan mountains: CHARLES

KEYES.

Moulding sand in eastern Iowa: JOHN E. SMITH. Climatichnites fosteri from the Mauston Quadrangle, Wisconsin: WILLIAM F. V. LEICHT.

The Deep Creek reservation and its Indians: ALBERT REAGAN.

MATHEMATICS

(Iowa Section, Mathematical Association of America.) Section Chairman, Ira S. Condit, State Teachers College, Cedar Falls.

Experiments with small numbers of observations: G. W. SNEDECOR.

On the numerical effect of certain variations in the assumptions relating to the distribution of unknown probabilities in the inversion of the Bernoulli theorem: H. L. RIETZ.

Notes on algebraic deficiencies: J. V. MCKELVEY.

The locus of the centers of the conics through four real points: H. K. HUGHES.

The members of the system of conics passing through four real points: H. K. HUGHES.

An application of Rolle's theorem to functions of finite genus: MARIAN E. DANIELLS.

Address by the retiring chairman: The determination of mathematical ability: E. R. SMITH.

Sufficient conditions for the periodicity of the solutions of certain functional equations: W. H. WILSON. The rule of double position: J. S. TURNER. Some properties of prolate spheroids: J. S. TURNER. On a line similar to Simpson's line: ROSCOE WOODS. Two theorems on annuities: JOHN F. REILLY.

PHYSICS

Section Chairman, C. J. Lapp, State University, Iowa City.

The optical properties of zinc crystals: M. E. GRABER. Economical filtration in deep x-ray therapy: SCOTT W. SMITH, JR.

A new electrostatic friction machine: JAY W. WOOD

ROW.

Studies on the effect of ultraviolet rays upon yeast metabolism. 1. The effect of ultraviolet upon the medium: A. C. BAILEY, J. W. WOODROW and ELLIS I. FULMER.

Hall effect and specific resistance in thin evaporated films of Fe, Co, Ni, Pd and Pt: H. B. PEACOCK.

Criticism of a theory of electrical resistance: JOHN A. ELDRIDGE.

Study of an objective achievement examination in physics: C. J. LAPP.

A study of examination methods: C. J. Lapp. Quantitative measurements on the transmission in solid acoustic wave filters with varying physical dimensions: H. F. OLSEN.

The action of an orifice in an acoustic conduit and a means of determining the effect of viscosity: G. W. STEWART.

The position of the vibrating source in the Kundt's tube experiment: G. W. STEWART.

The action of cylindrical tubes in branch acoustic lines: G. W. STEWART.

Magnetic properties of iron films electrically deposited: E. P. T. TYNDALL.

Thermoelectric effect in single crystal zinc wires: E. G. LINDER.

Optical constants of molybdenite in the ultraviolet: A. W. MEYER.

Optical constants in single crystal bismuth: L. H. ROWSE.

An attempt to detect a predicted pressure effect in gases: GEORGE E. DAVIS.

The diffraction of x-rays by liquids—an experimental test of the theory of Raman and Ramanathan: E. HOBART COLLINS.

The growth of chickens as affected by the sunlight transmitted through glass substitutes: L. V. CRUM and JAY W. WOODROW.

A table of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation from zero to infinity: A. C. BAILEY.

Iowa and the eclipse of 1869: BEN H. WILSON.

PSYCHOLOGY

Bection Chairman, E. O. Finkenbinder (pro-tem.), State Teachers College, Cedar Falls.

Objective study of the vocal art: MILTON METFESSEL. Studies in motor rhythm: ROBERT H. SEASHORE. Placement examinations: GEORGE D. STODDARD. Refractory phase of the visual mechanism at low intensities: ROLAND TRAVIS.

The measurement of talent in graphic art: NORMAN MEIER.

Conditioning of sex behavior in white rats: HAROLD R. FOSSLER.

Causes of elimination of students in the engineering college: OLIVER OHMANN.

Sound localization: a critique of method: C. A. RUCK

MICK.

Objective study of speed and accuracy in typing: A ACKERSON.

Muscular fixation in the stutterers under emotion: LEE TRAVIS.

Involuntary tongue movements under varying stimuli: M. GEORGE SCHECK.

ZOOLOGY

Section Chairman, F. A. Stromsten, State University, Iowa City.

Certain body temperature changes in the snapping and painted turtles: F. M. BALDWIN.

Flesh fly larvae as an indicator of hypophyseal effects: T. L. PATTERSON.

Temperature studies made on Lake Okoboji during the summer of 1924: F. A. STROMSTEN.

The nutritional effects of feeding potassium salts to pregnant ewes: JOHN M. EVVARD, C. C. CULBERTSON, A. R. LAMB and W. E. HAMMOND.

The protein requirements of practically mature fattening cattle: C. C. CULBERTSON and JOHN M. EVVARD. Protein requirements of lactating sows with litters: Q. W. WALLACE and JOHN M. EVVARD.

The robber crab (Birgus latro) with special reference to its respiratory system: C. C. NUTTING.

The 1924 outbreak of brood A of white grubs in Iowa: H. E. JAQUES.

An ecological survey as a means of obtaining a background for certain morphological problems: David T. JONES.

Model showing the protractile apparatus of the mouth of the pumpkinseed sunfish, Eupomotis gibbosus L.: DAVID T. JONES.

The swim-bladder of a 65 mm garpike (Lepidosteus platystomus) embryo: GEORGE E. POTTER.

Winter bird records of Chickasaw and adjacent counties: CHAS. J. SPIKER.

Trapping birds at Iowa City during 1924: DAYTON STONER.

Some observations on the habits of leeches: CATHARINE MULLIN.

Some additional observations on Sphenodon punctatum in captivity: WARREN N. KECK.

Certain correlations between physical vigor and mental aptitude: AVA L. JOHNSON.

Results of life history studies of the striped cucumber beetle, Diabrotica vittata Fabr.: HARVEY L. SWEETMAN. The trapezius muscle of the ganoid fishes: H. W. NORRIS.

A list of the birds of Iowa based on thirty years' collecting in the state: GEO. H. BERRY.

The coral reefs of Fiji: C. C. NUTTING.

P. S. HELMICK, Secretary

Nobel Prizes, Peace and Progress of Science: DR.
H. S. VAN KLOOSTER
Scientific Events:

The Seventh Meeting of the International Commission of Eugenics; The Exposition of Chemical Industries; The National Conference on Pharmaceutical Research; National Research Fellowships in the Biological Sciences Scientific Notes and News University and Educational Notes Discussion and Correspondence:

The Conservation of Momentum and the Width of Critical Potentials determined by the Method of Energy Loss: CARL ECKART. Ultra-violet Light and the Oxidation of Cod Liver Oil: FARRINGTON DANIELS and RUSSELL J. FOSBINDER. The Third Stage of Digestion in Paramecia: DẺ. P. G. SHIPLEY and C. F. DEGARIS. The American Typeculture Collection: L. A. ROGERS

Quotations:

Science at Southampton

The Use of Temperature Coefficients in the Interpretation of Biological Processes: DR. L. V. HEIL

BRUNN

Special Articles:

A New Source of Positive Ions: DR. C. H. KUNSMAN

Science News

251

256

259

259

261

264

265

267

268

269

X

COOPERATIVE RESEARCH: A CASE

REPORT

COOPERATIVE scientific research among different major departments of different institutions is so rare and of such significance for the future development of American science that the story of the successful accomplishment of such an undertaking for now six years may prove to be stimulating as well as interesting. As a sequel to the growing complexity of scientific technique, it is probable that there will be an increase in the number of cooperative researches of the type to be described, since this form of scientific work possesses a distinct advantage in the pooling of knowledge and resources. Individual scientific achievement, of course, may always be expected to develop whenever genius and opportunity are in proper conjunction. As the specialties will continue to diverge, however, the organization of science will imply greater liaison and cooperation between the specialists, in order to advance the common front of scientific knowledge.

In the case to be described, the mutual incentive to productive effort has been so fruitful that a morale and enthusiasm has developed which is astonishing. Individual ambition has been disciplined to team work for the success of the endeavor as a whole, and instead of engendering the slight jealousies and friction which often arise between workers on the same scientific problem, friendships have been created and cemented which seem impossible of dissolution.

This particular cooperative venture originated with some of the scientists engaged in the Chemical Warfare Service during the war. Among those associated together at the American University Experiment Station at Washington were Professor A. S. Loevenhart, of the University of Wisconsin, and Professor W. Lee Lewis, of Northwestern University. Professor Lewis is the chemist who developed "Lewisite," about which so much romance arose at the end of the war, and Professor Loevenhart is the pharmacologist who directed the study of the action of this and other substances on the human body.

Professor Loevenhart became impressed with the significance of their cooperative researches. In discussing "an institute for research in synthetic organic chemistry" at a meeting in 1918, Professor Loevenhart said:

In my work at the American University Experiment Station I have seen how satisfactory and effective research work in close cooperation between chemists and

pharmacologists may be. The object toward which we are working there is the development of materials destructive of life, but the thought naturally presents itself that if this cooperative work is so effective in war time for the development of offense weapons, in peace time such cooperation would be of enormous value in promoting the security of life and its comforts.

I may briefly recount the way in which the work at American University has been conducted. Most of the materials are produced by chemists working in the station. Formal conferences are held twice a week between pharmacologists and chemists, and there are informal conferences each day. At these conferences it is decided what substances should be prepared. When the materials are synthesized they are turned over to the pharmacological section for every sort of test. The results of these tests are then made known to the chemists and the possibilities of improving the materials are then discussed. I may say that the work has been eminently successful from every standpoint, and that the cooperation has been delightful. One can hardly realize until he has experienced it how the pharmacologist and chemist working together mutually stimulate one another.

I am therefore prepared to testify that cooperation of the kind proposed is not only practicable, but is the ideal condition for productive research.

The need for an institution of the type proposed is obvious when one realizes that there is no institution in America to-day where the therapeutic value of a drug can be determined in a manner acceptable alike to scientific men and physicians. To my mind such an institute should not only foster the production and testing of remedial agents, but every phase of synthetic organic chemistry should be considered within its domain. This is necessary because remedial agents may be found among any group of organic chemical products.

diseases; and educational measures for the discovery or development of better educational methods in the prevention of venereal diseases, or for psychological or sociological research related thereto.

The work of this board involved cooperative research on a grand scale, and however disorganized and unrelated the specific accomplishments of the various workers supported by grants from this board may seem, the results as a whole were magnificent.

During 1919, 1920 and 1921, the division of scientific research of the board distributed some $285,000 for some forty separate researches in twenty-three different institutions. Of this sum, $12,000 was given to Northwestern University to be administered for two purposes: (a) "A synthesis of organic compounds containing arsenic of possible value in the treatment of syphilis of the central nervous system," under the direction of Professor W. Lee Lewis, and (b) "a synthesis of new organic compounds of mercury for use in the treatment of syphilis of the central nervous system," directed by Professor Frank C. Whitmore. To the University of Wisconsin, $26,800 was given during the three years for the object of preparing and studying "mercurial and arsenical compounds which have a predilection for the central nervous system, in the hope of finding drugs more useful than any known in the treatment of syphilis of the central nervous system." It was the understanding between all parties concerned that whatever compounds were produced by the Northwestern group were to be submitted to the Wisconsin workers for biological study, and that the closest cooperation between the two groups was to be maintained. A total of twenty-three scientists and assistants engaged in this work at the two institutions during the three years it was supported by the grants from the U. S. Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board.

Appropriations from the board were discontinued in 1921. In a recent report, it is stated that many of the research men operating under grants from the board indicated at that time that their studies were completed and that nothing could be gained by further appropriations. To quote from this report, it is said that this statement

illustrates so admirably the honest spirit in which these investigations were conducted. But inasmuch as the best workers of the country were engaged in the work, it also suggests that a continuance of the fund, with the inevitable insistence of money-especially government moneyto get itself spent, would have seen a deterioration in the product and a final degeneration of the whole mechanism into an official routine quite incompatible with free research. The scientific work of the Interdepartmental Board was conceived and executed in that spirit of ideal

ism on the part of the government officials in charge which was calculated to meet the scientists on their own ground. That youthful idealism which the war inspired has gone, and gone with it is the probability of reproducing the circumstances necessary to the successful continuation of this work at the present time. The scientist, like the rest of us, must return to the humdrum of peace.

While these interesting observations may have been true of the general work of the board, thus justifying its demise, they were not at all true of the close cooperative work between Professors Lewis, Whitmore, Loevenhart and their associates at Northwestern and Wisconsin. Their effort was just beginning to get a good start when its support was withdrawn, The threatened collapse of their venture was averted by the financial help of a private organization which undertook to do in a large city what the Interdepartmental Board tried to do for the country as a whole.

THE PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO

One of the medical officers in the army who had been impressed with the campaign against venereal disease started by the Interdepartmental Board was Dr. Joseph C. Berkowitz, of Chicago. Upon discharge from service, he conceived the idea of undertaking to handle the civil population of a large city with respect to venereal disease in somewhat the same manner which had been used with success in the army, and by using methods of advertising similar to those employed by the Public Health Service of the U. S. government. This idea involved treatment at a nominal cost.

The Public Health Institute was organized in February, 1920, by Dr. Berkowitz and Myron E. Adams, an experienced sociologist, with the support of many prominent men of Chicago, among whom were A. A. Sprague, Harold F. McCormick, T. R. Gowanlock, General J. A. Ryan, Samuel Insull, H. M. Byllesby, A. A. Carpenter and N. W. MacChesney. R. A. Gardner, J. M. Dickinson, Jr., N. B. Judah, Lester Armour and Marshall Field were later added to the trustees. These public-spirited citizens have taken a direct part in the management of the institute and have always decided its policies. This has assured to the institute the application of the best business intelligence available.

The immediate object was to provide adequate medical service for those sufferers from venereal diseases who belonged to the great middle class and who were therefore either too proud to avail themselves of free treatment at the dispensaries of medical schools or financially unable to afford the expense of proper examination and lengthy treatment at the hands of a qualified specialist. In order to make its presence known to the vast number of people who

needed its services, it was necessary to advertise in the newspapers. These notices were carefully worded to emphasize the fact that the institute was organized for public service and not for profit. The names of the lay directors were published to guarantee this function.

Unfortunately, the Public Health Institute incurred the antagonism of a small group of Chicago physicians, who, vehement in their disapproval, took opportunity to attack the institute on the convenient grounds that it violated medical ethics by its adverising. Their expressed objections do not seem to have been well advised, but they served as a cloak to reality and as a placebo to conscience. It appears to be only a question of time when the leaders in the medical profession will discountenance such criticism on the part of their less magnanimous associates.

This digression may seem uncalled for, but it is introduced to illustrate the non-technical troubles which may arise in the progress of cooperative research. The problem of financing such a large undertaking brings contact with many different types of people. In order that the necessary harmony may prevail, it is essential for those engaged in the venture to understand each other, and to have full confidence in one another. Only under these conditions may possible antagonism be met with equanimity.

Venereal disease affects not only the present generation, but also innocent members of generations to come. Its treatment, therefore, becomes essentially a matter of public health. If this service can be rendered by a private institute, it relieves the state of assuming the burden. It is the ideal of the Public Health Institute of Chicago to make high-grade medical service of this character accessible to the cal se mass of the people from the standpoints of time, place and money; in other words, to make it cheaper for a person to be cured than to remain ill of venereal disease. Even with the nominal charge which is made for this service, a surplus has accumulated. Since the institute is a non-profit organization, this can only be disposed of in an effort to improve its service to its clientele, in educational measures or in promoting research.

When the U. S. Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board failed to continue the necessary funds for the continuation of the cooperative research at Northwestern and Wisconsin, the Public Health Institute came forward and granted the money each year to the present time. This support of scientific research in a field bearing upon its own problems was made an integral part of the program of the institute, and will continue to be so. Patronage of this sort is of national significance.