machinari. Mendum ortum ex affinitate litterarum. Eeuwv, Keivwv, Kaιvovy. Sic error errorem parit."

Coray, not satisfied with this conjecture, proposes another, which I submit to the judgment of the reader.

"Mr. Toup's correction, Eeirova μèr rý Xóyw, although far-fetched, proves at least that that ingenious critic felt the necessity of the particle μèv, in order to agree with the dè which follows it. I think that Herodotus must have written ὑπάγαιον μὲν ἐὰν τῷ λόγῳ, νόῳ δὲ K. T. λ. From μèv éòv the copyists probably in the first instance made κενεόν, then κενὸν or κενοῦν, and lastly καινοῦν. A comma must be placed after wepiμŋkes, and úróyacov must be taken as a substantive."

I cannot approve of this conjecture, and feel inclined to give the preference to Mr. Toup. 1. That of the English critic, instead of being far-fetched, appears to me extremely natural. This subterranean apartment was in appearance a hall intended for banquets, but in reality she intended it for another purpose.' All then is consistent and connected, and we see the reason why the queen constructed this subterranean apartment. 2. The conjecture of M. Coray gives us no meaning at all. It was apparently a subterranean apartment.' It was actually subterranean, and not only such in appearance. 3. The words vów dè ädda μnxavãoda necessarily imply, that it was destined for some other purpose; but the purpose to which it was destined, does not at all appear in the correction of M. Coray it is therefore inadmissible. Mr. Toup felt that this ought to be expressed, and he has done it in the happiest manner. We know that the Egyptians, inhabiting a very warm climate, delighted in low and subterranean apartments, on account of their coolness.

'Es оiênμа oñodvỡ rλéov] In a chamber filled with cinders. Was this with the intention of suffocating herself, that she might escape from the vengeance of the Egyptians, who would perhaps have put her to death in some more cruel manner? Or did she only wish to conceal herself? This we cannot answer.

This difficulty, however, appears to be done away by a variation suggested by the anonymous author of the Treatise sur les femmes qui se sont illustrées à la guerre par leur prudence et par leur courage.' This writer, speaking of Nitocris, thus expresses himself: èavròv dè εἰς οἴκημά τι, σπυδοῦ πλήρης, ἐνέβαλεν. If this reading be preferred, we must introduce into the text of Herodotus a comma after oikŋμa, and change λéov to mλéos, which is a very slight alteration; and we shall then have, she rushed into her apartment covered over with ashes, for the purpose of escaping from the vengeance of the people." So humiliating a situation for a queen might well calm the rage of the

people, and even affect them. There still remains, however, a slight difficulty, proposed by M. Heeren, the editor of the Treatise in question, which is, to know whether λýpns, or wλéos oxodou, may be said for πεφυρμένος σποδοῦ.

CI. Tuy de ovdéva äλλwv ovdév] The others have left no monument. The obscurity of the reign of these princes ought perhaps to be attributed less to their apathy, than to their desire to secure to their people the blessings of peace. The virtues of a mild and peaceful life are less striking than the glory of war.

Léoworpis] Sesostris. "This prince lived somewhat less than a century before the siege of Troy, and was nearly contemporary with Hercules, the son of Alcmena. He ascended the throne after the 330 kings previously mentioned, and of whom Moeris was the last. This Moris had been dead about 900 years,' when Herodotus visited Egypt. From the siege of Troy to the time of Herodotus, was about 800 years; and from the time of Hercules to that of the same historian, about 900." WESSELING.

Diodorus Siculus makes this prince posterior to Moris by seven generations; but Herodotus, who was considerably antecedent to that historian, and who made the most laborious researches, especially concerning Egypt, is more worthy of credit than Diodorus, who frequently only compiles from the accounts of those who preceded him.

Tacitus calls him Rhamses. Scaliger remarks that he had two other names, Ramesses and Egyptus; but he relies entirely on the authority of Manethon, which is good for nothing, as I have proved in my Essay on Chronology, p. 8. chap. 1. § 11. chap. x. § Iv. p. 322. He is called Ramestis on an obelisk, of which we find a description in Ammianus Marcellinus, Ramesses and Rampses by Josephus, Sesoosis and Sesonchis in Diodorus Siculus, and Sesosis in some Mss. of Pliny, lib. xxxvI. chap. XI. See my Chronological Essay, chap. 1. § VII. p. 56.

In my Chronological Canon, I have placed him in the year 3358 of the Julian period, 1356 before the common era, that is to say, 88 years before the taking of Troy.

CII. Пoioioi μapoio] With long vessels. Four hundred in number, as Diodorus Siculus relates," who adds, that Sesostris was the first king of Egypt who had long vessels built. This prince was not present in person in this expedition: he contented himself with send

ing a fleet, which took possession of the islands it met with in the Red Sea, and which subdued that part of the continent bordering on the sea as far as the Indies.

'EvocŪTev] From thence. In all the editions there is a comma after évbeūrev dé. This vicious punctuation greatly perplexes the meaning, by obliging us to make ¿v0eurev relate to λaßor, whereas it must be joined to ȧmikero. In the Ms. A. of the Royal Library at Paris, we read ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ ὡς ὀπίσω ἀπίκετο ἐς Αἴγυπτον κ. τ. λ. : neither does the edition of Aldus put a comma after evleũrev dè; but we there find τῶν after πολλὴν, which must be erased or changed to ἀστῶν, as is remarked by Valckenaer.

'Eμrodu] Whom he found in his way. Diodorus Siculus" is more precise. "Sesostris," says that historian, "having departed in person with a land force, subjugated all Asia. He invaded not only the countries of which Alexander afterwards took possession, but others into which the Macedonian prince never penetrated. He passed indeed the Ganges, and overran the whole of India to the ocean, and the country of the Scythians as far as the Tanais, which separates Europe from Asia. It is said that it was on this occasion that certain Egyptians, left on the border of the Palus Mæotis, founded the nation of the Colchi.

Δεινῶς γλιχομνέοισι περὶ] Jealous. The celebrated Valckenaer reads, δεινῶς μαχομένοισι περὶ, instead of δεινῶς γλιχομένοισι περὶ, and he adduces several plausible reasons for the alteration. But as Herodotus uses many turns of expression which are peculiar to himself, and as it is impossible to say that any phrase is not Greek, merely because it is not found in any other author, I have felt unwilling to admit the conjecture of this learned man, and the more so as the received reading makes very good sense.

Aidoia yvvaukòs] That part which distinguishes the female sex. Diodorus says, that in those countries where the people had bravely defended themselves, he engraved upon the columns the male organ of generation.

CIII. Kai rous Optikas] And the Thracians. According to another tradition, handed down by Valerius Flaccus, the Getæ, the bravest and the most just of the Thracians, beat Sesostris; and it was no doubt for the purpose of covering his retreat that this prince left part of his troops at Colchis:

d Cunabula gentis

Colchidos hic ortusque tuens : ut prima Sesostris

• Diodor. Sic. lib. i. § lv. Vol. i. p. 64. Id. ibid. p. 65.

• Herodot. lib. iv. § xciii.

d Valerius Flaccus Argonaut. lib. v.

vers. 418.

Intulerit Rex bella Getis ; ut clade suorum'

Territus, hos Thebas, patriumque reducat ad amnem,
Phasidis hos imponat agris, Colchosque vocari

Imperet.

a

Απικέσθαι ὁ Αἰγύπτιος στρατός] The Egyptian army advanced no farther. That is, the army penetrated no farther into Europe; but this does not prove that it did not advance into India, as a certain learned man, whose name I shall suppress, has attempted to maintain. ̓Αποδασάμενος τῆς ἑωυτοῦ στρατιῆς μόριον] If he left there a part of his army. Pliny affirms, on what authority I know not, that Sesostris was defeated by the Colchi. "Jam regnaverat in Colchis Salauces et Esubopes, qui terram virginem nactus, plurimum argenti aurique eruisse dicitur in Suanorum gente, et alioqui velleribus aureis inclyto regno. Sed et illius aureæ cameræ, argenteæ trabes narrantur, et columnæ, atque parastaticæ, victo Sesostre, Ægypti Rege, tam superbo, ut prodatur annis quibusque sorte reges singulos è subjectis jungere ad currum solitus, atque ita triumphare."

CIV. Meλáyxpoés eioɩ kaì ovλórpixes] They are black, and have curly hair. This passage is so positive, that I cannot conceive why Mr. Browne should explain it, by 'a tint somewhat deeper than that of the Greeks." The epithet 'atrati,' given by Ammianus Marcellinus, favours my explanation, rather than that of Mr. Browne: but this epithet is not the only one; I give the entire passage. "Homines autem Ægyptii plerique subfusci sunt et atrati." The greater part of the Egyptians are of a deep colour bordering on black.' This writer speaks of the Egyptians of his own time. He lived about 800 years after Herodotus. Egypt, subject in the time of our historian to the Persians, became afterwards so to the Greeks and to the Romans. The mixture of these various nations had changed the natural colour of the people. They were no longer absolutely black, but 'subfusci,' bordering on it. Mr. Browne endeavours to support his opinion by the colour of the mummies; but he should prove that the mummies were of an age anterior to Herodotus, or at least prior to the time when this mixture of the Egyptians with their conquerors had affected their complexion. The portion of a mummy, preserved in the cabinet of Saint Genevieve, authorises me to suggest this question. It consists of the foot, the leg, and half the thigh of an infant of two or three years old; the surface is quite black, and so smooth, that it may be compared to a fine Chinese varnish. This mummy decides the question. I, as well as the late Count Caylus, whose very

Plin. Histor. Nat. lib. xxxiii. cap. iii.

Vol. ii. p. 614. lin. 5.

A new Journey into Upper and Lower

Egypt, Vol. i. p. 242.

Ammian. Marcellin. lib. xxii. cap. xvi. p. 268.

words I use, have seen this mummy; but I know not whether it escaped the devastations of the Vandals.

Moreover, Herodotus, speaking of the dove which came from Egypt into the country of the Dodonai, and which in fact was a woman, adds: When the Dodonai tell us that the dove was black, they give us to understand that the woman was Egyptian.

Koya] The Colchi, the Egyptians, and the Ethiopians, are the only people. I recollect to have read somewhere, and I think it was in some of the Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions, that the Colchi were a remnant of the ten tribes of Israel, transported into that country by Salmanasar. But it appears to me, that this notion of the transmigration of the ten tribes is very remote from the truth. 1. In the war which immediately preceded it, a vast multitude perished. 2. The principal inhabitants only, and those whose influence would be likely to excite tumults, were removed to distant provinces; the people were left to cultivate the soil. 3. The former were transported to Media, Assyria, and Mesopotamia, as we see in the 2d Book of Kings, chap. XVII. verse 6. and chap. XVIII. verse 11. How then came a colony of Israelites at Colchis? If, indeed, they ever were in that country, the probability is, that they would have abandoned it when Cyrus permitted the Jews to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem. The edict of this prince was as much directed to the Israelites as to the tribes of Judah. But what sets this question entirely at rest is, that the Colchi were black, and had woolly hair, as Herodotus tells us. St. Jerome and Sophronius cited by Bochart, call Colchis the second Ethiopia; and Sophronius, in his life of St. Andrew, informs us, that towards the mouth of the Apsarus, and on the banks of the Phasis, there were Ethiopians: now the Hebrews bore not the slightest resemblance to these people.

с

Herodotus is not the only author who maintains this opinion. Pindar had before him named these people Kedaiwreis, that is, 'with black faces.' On which the Scholiast remarks, (p. 237, col. 2.) that being originally from Egypt, they were black, μeλavóxpoes. Apollonius Rhodius also says, "from Egypt came forth one who, trusting to the courage and number of his troops, overran the whole of Europe and Asia. He founded in those countries a great number of towns, some of which are still inhabited, and others are not; for many centuries have elapsed since that time. Ea still remains;