rent prosperity, they were reduced to land of Canaan, properly so called, slavery by the Romans, above 1840 be now, when it lies under a curse, years ago; and have continued under and is almost wholly uncultivated, these, and the Greeks, Saracens, and it was anciently a most beautiful and Turks, to this day. As we are strong- fertile country. The Jordan runly inclined to believe the Pelasgi of ning southward through it, and formGreece, and the Etruscans of Italy, ing the lakes of Merom and Tibewere of a Canaanitish original, it is rias; and a multitude of brooks and easy to observe to what sordid sub- rivulets crossing the country on both jection the one were, after a short sides of the Jordan; and a multitude time of prosperity, reduced by their of vallies and hills, pleasantly diverneighbours in Greece, and the other sified the form thereof. The rich by the conquering Romans. O how pastures produced prodigious quandreadful then, to be under the curse of tities of milk and honey. The arable the broken law! how impossible to es-grounds, which, according to Heca cape it without Christ! teus, (but I suppose his account too CANAAN was the name of the low,) amounted to about 3,000,000 country where Canaan and his pos- of acres, and produced the richest terity dwelt. It is about 200, or ra- crops. The mines of the mountains ther 160, miles in length, from Dan produced plenty of iron and brass. on the north, to Beersheba on the When God, by seasonable warmth south; and from east to west, about and rains, concurred with the labo 80; and so comprehended, in all, rious improvers of this soil, it is aburabout 9,231,000 acres of ground: of dantly credible, how it supported the which each of the 601,730 Hebrew numerous millions that dwelt there warriors, who conquered it, might in, Deut. xi. 11. and vi. 10. and viii. have about 12 acres allotted him for 7, 8, 9.

of.

his share. It lies in the 32d, 33d, An account of the MOUNTAINS, RIand 34th degrees of north latitude, VERS, BROOKS, and VALLIES, and in the 36th and 37th of east lon-Canaan, will be given under these gitude, from London. It has the articles. We shall at present take a Mediterranean sea on the west; Le-view of it, as divided into the twelve banon and Syria on the north; Ara- portions of the Hebrew tribes. On bia the desert, and the land of the the east of Jordan dwelt the ReubenAmmonites, Moabites, and Midianites, Gadites, and Manassites. The ites, on the east; the land of Edom, Reubenites had their lot on the south and wilderness of Paran, on the part, to the north-east of the Dead south; and Egypt on the south-west. Sea, and north of the river Arnon. No more than this was wont to be It was partly very mountainous, incalled Canaan; and this only was cluding Peor, Nebo, and Pisgah hills; promised to the Hebrews in posses- which, at present, have a very dission: but if we take in the whole agreeable aspect. Their principal extent of territory promised to them towns were Jaazah, Bamoth-baal, in dominion, from the river Euphrates Beth-peor, Medeba, Mephaath, on the north-east, to the river Nile Adam, Shittim, Beth-abara, Livias, on the south-west, Gen. xv. 18- Macheron, Bezer, Lasha, Kedemoth, 21. Exodus xxiii. 31. it compre- Beth-jesimoth: but the Moabites seihended all those countries which zed on part of these cities. On the David reduced, Syria, Ammon, Mo- north of Reuben lay the inheritance ab, Edom, &c. and in this sense, it of the Gadites; their chief towns may be readily granted to the learn- were Mahanaim, Penuel, Succoth, ed Dr. Shaw, that its south borders Mizpah, Rabbah, Ramoth-gilead, were the gulfs of the Red Sea; and Rogelim, Tishbi, Sharon, Sophar, that it comprehended the land of Armon, Magesh, Aroer, Beth-haran, Goshen in Egypt. Whatever the Debir, Ashtaroth, Jazer, Heshbon,

Dibon, Enon. Here the ground was, bith, Abez, Remeth, En-haddah, more plain, and the soil very fertile. Beth-pazzez, Tabor, Shahazimah, Northward of Gad was seated the Beth-shemesh, Nain, Jezreel, Aphek, half-tribe of Manasseh, whose terri-Tarichea. Southward of Issachar tory was called Upper Galilee, or dwelt the other half-tribe of Manas Galilee of the Gentiles; and was al- seh. Their chief cities were Bethmost as large as both the two former shean, Ibleam, Dor, Endor, Taaportions. It contained the countries nach, Megiddo, Salim, Aner, Beof Bashan, Golan, Hauran, Macho-zek, Abel-meholah, Tirzah, Thebez, nites, Geshur, and Argob. The prin-Gath-rimmon, Makkoth, Gilgal-dor, cipal towns were Shalisha, Bosra, Cesarea, and Antipatris. Southward Maachah, Gershon, Ashtaroth-kar- of Manasseh was the inheritance of naim, Hadrach-keder, Gamala, Ed. the Ephraimites. It abounded with rei, Gilead, Pella, Abel-beth-maa- a great many pleasant hills, Gerichah, Jabesh-gilead, Chorazim, Ju-zim, Ebal, Ephraim, &c. Their lias, Bethsaida, Girgasha, Gadara, chief cities were Saron, Lydda, Hippo, Ephron. Elon, Ramathaim, two Beth-horons,

On the west of Jordan, nine tribes Gazer, Timnath-serah, Pirathon, and an half had their inheritance. Shechem, Arumah, Samaria, Najoth, On the north border, the tribe of Michmash, Shiloh, Beth-el, Ataroth, Naphtali had theirs on the east side; Ataroth-addar, Michmetha, Taaand the tribe of Asher theirs on the nath-shiloh, Janohah, Naarath, Tapwest. The chief cities of Naphtali puah, Kibzaim, The territories of were Ir-shemesh, Ziddim, or Assod- these four last-mentioned tribes exdin, Zer, Kartan, Hammath, Rak-tended from the Mediterranean Sea kath, Cinnereth, Admab, Raamah, on the west, to Jordan on the east; Hazor, Kedesh, Edrei, En-hazor, but none other did. Southward of Iron, Migdal-el, Horem, Beth-anath, the east part of Ephraim's portion Beth-shemesh. In the territory of lay the inheritance of Benjamin. Asher lay the country of Cabul, and Their chief cities were Jericho, Beththe cities of Helkath, Kanah, Rehob, hoglah, Emek-keziz, Beth-arabah, Hammon, Abdon, or Hebron, Hali, Zemaraim, Beth-el, Avim, Parah, Beten, Achshaph, Alammelech, Ophrah, Chephar-haammonai, OphAmad, Mishael, Shihar-libnath, Beth- ni, Gaba, Gibeon, Ramah, Beeroth, dagon, Achzib, Ummah, Aphek, Mizpeh, Chephirah, Mozah, Rekem. Rehob, Zidon, Ahlab, Accho; but Irpeel, Taralah, Zelah, Eleph, Gilthe Phenicians kept part of it from gal, Ai, Alemeth, Anathoth, Kirthem. On the south of both these jath, Gibeah, Bahurim, and part of tribes, the lot of Zebulon extended, Jerusalem. Westward of Benjamin's from the Mediterranean Sea to Jor-lot lay the inheritance of Dan. dan. Their principal cities were Sa- Their chief cities were Zorah, Eshrid, Maralah, Dabbasheth, Jokneam, taol, Ir-shemesh, Shaalabbin, Ajalon, Chisloth-tabor, Daberath, Japhia, Jethlah, Elon, Thimnathah, Ekron, Gittah-hepher, Itta-kazin, Remmon-Eltekeh, Gibbethon, Baalath, Jehud, methoar, Neah, Kattath, Nahalal, Bene-berak, Gath-rimmon, MejarShimron, Idalah, North Beth-lehem, kon, Rakkon, and perhaps Joppa; Nazareth, Kanah, Zebulon, Jotapa, part of these were taken out of the Kitron, Karta, Dimnah. Southward lot of Judah; they had also Dan on of Zebulon lay the inheritance of the north point of the promised land. Issachar. In it were the mounts of Southward of the Danites, the SiNorth Carmel and Gilboa, and the meonites had their lot entirely out valley of Jezreel. Its chief cities of the tribe of Judah. Their cities were Kishon, Dabareth, Jarmuth, were Beer-sheba, Moladah, HazarEn-gannim, Chesuloth, Shunem, Ha-shual, Balah, Azem, Eltolad, Bethul, pharaim, Shihon, Anaharath, Rab- Hormah, Ziklag, Beth-markaboth,

Hazar-susah, Beth-lebaoth, Sharu- her EUNUCH, she was converted to hen, Ain, Remmon, Ether, Ashan, the Christian faith, Acts viii. 27. Baalath-beer, South Ramoth. The CANDLE. God's searching Jeportion of Judah lay mostly to the rusalem with candles, imports his eastward of Simeon, and south of perfect knowledge of their conduct; Benjamin. It was exceedingly large, his punishing their secret sins; and containing above 90, if not 100, his searching their conscience by fenced cities, after the deduction of convictions, and awakening proviabout 24 for Simeon and Dan. The dences, Zeph. i. 12. God's favour most noted were Libnah, Makke- and blessing are termed his candle; dah, Azekah, Beth-zur, South Beth- as they direct, honour, and comfort lehem, Tekoah, Engaddi, Adullam, us, Job xxix. 3. The rational unKeilah, Hebron, Joktheel, Kirjath-derstanding and conscience are termjearim, &c. The land of the Philis-ed a candle; they search, observe, tines, containing the six noted cities judge, inform, and direct us, Prov. of Gath, Ekron, Ashdod, Ashkelon, xx. 27. Outward prosperity is called Gaza, and Majuma, all on the west a candle: it is pleasant and agreeborder of Canaan, and south-east able; it manifests us to the world coast of the Mediterranean Sea, also renders us conspicuous, and enables pertained to Judah; but though once us to act more abundantly for the partly conquered, it was generally honour of God, and welfare of men, kept in possession by the Philistines, Job xviii. 6. and xxi. 17. Psa. xviii. Numb. xxxii. Josh. xiv.-xxi. 28. Gifts and graces, and teaching Judges 1 Sam. xxx. 27-31. 1 offices, bestowed by God on persons, Chron. ii. and vi. are termed a candle: they ought to

From this brief sketch, it is plain, be discovered and used for the dithat the face of ancient Canaan must section and comfort of others, Matt. have been covered with cities. In v. 15. Luke viii. 16. and ix. 23: the numerous wars mentioned in Instituted ordinances, and earthly scripture; in the war between the comforts, are called a candle; they Greeks of Egypt and Syria, Dan. xi. are directive and comforting, but in the wars of the Romans under are short-lived, and quite unnecesPompey, Vespasian, Trajan, and sary in the noon-tide of perfect gloothers; in the wars between the ry, Rev. xxii. 5.

eastern emperors and Persians; and CANDLESTICK. That of the Moin fine, in those between the Franks saic sanctuary consisted of a talent and Turks; it has often been deluged of hammered gold, beaten out into with blood. For many ages past, it seven branches, adorned with knobs has had every where obvious marks and flowers. It stood on the south of the curse. It is almost a desolate side of the golden altar of incense; wilderness. Of most of its cities, and being daily supplied with sacred we cannot trace the smallest remains. oil, and its lamps lighted and trimIt wants not, however, vestiges of med by the priests, was the sole ilits ancient fertility. luminator of the sanctuary. Solo

CANDACE, a queen of Ethiopia, mon's temple being much larger, probably that southward of Egypt. ten candlesticks were made for the It is said the name denotes royal au- illumination of it. On Vespasian's thority, and was commonly given to triumphal arch is still to be seen the the queens of Meroe. It is certain candlestick, with the other vessels of Kanidak, in the Abyssinian language, the second temple. The seven golden signifies a governor of children. Pliny candlesticks in John's vision, desays, the government of Ethiopia noted the seven churches of Asia. subsisted, for several generations, in The placing of the candle of gifts, the hands of queens named Candace. graces, and office, not under a bushel, It is said that by the preaching of but on a candlestick, imports the use

of them, to the instruction, comfort,| and edification, of men, Mark iv. 21. CANE. See CALAMUS.

CAPERNAUM, the field of rÊpentance, or city of consolation, a principal city of Galilee. It was CANKER, or rather GANGRENE, probably not built till after the Babya terrible disease, which inflames and lonish captivity; it stood on the mortifies the flesh upon which it western shore of the sea of Tiberias, seizes, spreads swiftly, endangers in the border of Zebulon and Naphthe whole body, and can scarcely be tali. It received its name from a healed without cutting off the infect-clear fountain hard by. Here Christ ed part. By the microscope, it ap-much resided and taught. By the pears, that swarms of small worms, enjoyment of his miracles and minispreying on the flesh, constitute this trations, it was exalted to heaven in disease; and that new swarms pro- privilege; and, for neglecting to imduced by these, overrun the neigh- prove them aright, was thrust down bouring parts. Errors and heresies to hell, in the condemnation of many are likened to a gangrene; they over- of its inhabitants; in its fearful sufferspread, corrupt, and prey, on the ings from the Romans; and in its souls of men: they eat out the vi- subsequent forlorn condition, Matt. tals of religion, and afterwards the iv. 15. and ix. 23. forms of godliness, and bring spiri- CAPHTOR, those who seck and tual ruin and death on persons and inquire, an island or country. I am churches and afterwards ruin upon almost surprised to find the great nations, wherever they are allowed, Bochart follow a number of others, 2 Tim. ii. 17. The silver and gold of in taking this for Cappadocia, on the covetous men are cankered; the rust frontiers of Colchis, and south shore of these bears witness against them, of the Euxine Sea. What possible and eats up their flesh as fire; the co-whim could have determined the vetous hoarding it up from use, is at- Caphtorim, or Philistines, the detended with painful anxiety, and scendants of Mizraim in Egypt, to brings on a fearful curse, and endless go from so fertile a country to the torment, Jam, v. 3. coasts of the Euxine Sea; and upon

CANKER-WORM: we gene-little more than a sight of the place, rally understand by it a creeping in-haste back to the south-west corner sect, which terribly devours the of Canaan, and settle there, before fruits of the earth; but it is plain, the birth of Abraham, at least not from Nah. iii. 16. that the YELEK is long after? With far more appeara flying insect, and so must be a ance of argument, Calmet contends, kind of locust, probably the same that Caphtor was the isle of Crete. with the cockchafer. Prodigious It is certain, Caphtor is called an swarms of these, not very long ago, island, Jer. xlvii. 4. The seventy so wasted the county of Galway in interpreters, and Apocryphal wriIreland, that, in summer, trees and ters, always represent the Philistines fields appeared equally bare as in as come from another place. It is winter. The poor people ate mul- certain, the Cherethites, or Crethim, titudes of them. They, by licking, were a tribe of the Philistines, if it consume and waste the fruits of the was not once the proper name of the earth, Joel i. 4. The Assyrians were whole nation, Ezek. xxv. 16. Zeph. numerous as swarms of canker-worms; ii. 5. 1 Sam. xxx. 14. And, who but the Medes and Chaldeans, like sees not, that Crethim is the very canker-worms, or cockchafers, quick-same with Cretes or Cretans, one of ly ate up, and destroyed them; and the most ancient nations in the isles after they had spoiled all their of the Mediterranean Sea? Crete was wealthy merchants, went off with their booty, Nah. iii. 15, 16.

CANNEH. See CALNEH.

very anciently stocked, if not overstocked, with inhabitants; and had an hundred cities, as early as the

Trojan war, which could not be la- and then to the Persians, whose ter than the days of Jehoshaphat, if worship the inhabitants embraced, it was not near 300 years sooner. and afterwards added to it part of The language, manners, arms, and the idolatry of the Greeks. How idols, of the ancient Cretans, were some ancient authors came to call the same as those of the Philistines. them Assyrians, or White Syrians, I Gaza, a chief city of the Philistines, know not. The Cappadocians had was called Minoa, after Minos, a ce- kings of their own, from the time of lebrated king of Crete. The whole Cyrus, to a little after the birth of of this reasoning, however, can only our Saviour, when the country was convince me, that the Cretans and reduced to a Reman province. From Philistines sprung from the same root the Roman emperors of the east, it and maintained an intercourse with passed unto the Turks. While Heaone another. And it appears more thenism prevailed, the Cappadocians reasonable to believe the Cretans a were famous for their wickedness, colony of the Philistines, than to be- chiefly their lewdness; but Chrislieve that the offspring of Mizraim, tianity was early planted among them, without any reason, left Egypt, and probably by means of some who were sailed into Crete, and so stocked that converted by Peter's sermon at Penisland, that in, or before, the days tecost, Acts ii. 9. Peter wrote his of Abraham, they found it necessary first epistle, partly to the Christian to send back their supernumeraries Jews of this place, 1 Pet. i. 1. Christo Canaan. tianity flourished considerably here,

The Jewish writers interpret Caph- and a number of famous bishops lator of Caphutkia, by which they un-boured in the work of the Lord. We derstand a part of Lower Egypt, can trace the history of Christianchiefly Damietta, between the streams ity in this country till the ninth cenof the Nile. This opinion is every tury, nor is it yet altogether abolishway probable. Here is Caphtor, ed.

properly enough called an island; CAPTAIN, an officer of a troop here is a place where one might or army, Deut. i. 15. A king, expect to find the Caphtorim, de- prince, or head of a family or tribe, scended from MIZRAIM: here was is called a captain. In due order the city of Coptus, probably enough his inferiors are marshalled under framed from Caphtor, the son of him, and may be led forth to war Casluhim, and father of the Caph- by him, 1 Sam. ix. 19. Numb. ii. 3. torim, which were either the same Christ is the Captain of our salvation. as, or the brethren of the Philis- To purchase our salvation, with tines, Gen. x. 14. Amos ix. 7. Jer. what wisdom and courage he atxlvii. 4. How do generations pass tacked and conquered sin, Satan, and away! the world! How graciously he subCAPPADOCIA, signifies the same dues our hearts to himself, leads us as Caphtor, a country having the to glory through much opposition, Euxine Sea on the north, Armenia and directs and enables us to vanthe Greater on the south, Galatia quish our spiritual foes! Heb. ii. 10. and Pamphylia on the west, and Ci- And he was the Captain of the Lord's licia on the east. Probably this host of Israel, who directed, encoucountry was peopled by the descen- raged, and protected them in their dants of Togarmah. It was famous war with the Canaanites, &c. Joshfor horses and flocks; and traded v. 14. The Chaldean captains openwith the Tyrians in horses and mules, ed their mouths in the slaughter, when Ezek. xxvii. 14. It was likely Cap-they gave orders for the murderous padocia was a province of the king-attacks; or the word may denote dom of Lydia. According to Hero- the destructive battering-rams, Ezek. dotus, it next passed to the Medes, xxi. 22. The Antichristian captains