SECTION V. Distinction between el, ella, and si. Rule 57. Himself, herself, itself, expressed by si, si mismo, si misma; si mismos, si mismas. The compound pronouns himself, herself, themselves, joined to a verb, are generally expressed by se, if it is reflected; but if not, himself is expressed by el or el mismo, and herself by ella misma ; themselves, by ellos or ellos mismos, masculine; by ellas or ellas mismas, for the feminine. Example : El se sométe á las ordenes de vm. pero no está satisfecho. He submits himself to your orders, but he is not satisfied. Ella habla siempre de si misma, y nunca de otros. They are come of their own accord into the country. The compound pronouns himself and herself are expressed by si, speaking of persons in general, and after the indeterminate pronouns se, cada uno, alguno, alguna, qualquiera, este, or esta quién. Example: El hombre que solo se amá á si mismo, no es própio para la sociedad. The man who loves nobody but himself, is not fit for society. Qualquiera que de si solo piensa, es indigno de vivír. Rule 58. Itself is rendered by si or si mismo. The impersonal pronoun itself is expressed by si, and not by el, when it has reference to the word esto or eso, er to a substantive singular and masculine, which represents an animate object. Example: El iman atrae á si el hierro. The loadstone attracts iron to itself. La tierra es fertil de si misma. CHAPTER V. OF POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. Rule 59. The possessive pronouns my, thy, his, her, are rendered in Spanish by mí, tú, sú. 1 THE possessive pronouns are only three in number, mi, my; tu, thy; su, his or her; and make their plural by ́ the addition of an s. Example: Mi padre, mi madre, y mis hermános están en el campo. My father, my mother, and brothers are in the country. Tu primo y su hermana están paseando juntos. Thy cousin and his sister are walking together. Su padre ha vendido su caballo á su sobrina, y ella lo revendió á su prima. His father has sold his horse to his niece, and she sold it again to her cousin. Rule 60. Our, expressed by nuestro and nuestra. The possessive pronoun, nuestro and nuestra, ought to agree in number with the substantive they have a reference to, and not with the possessor. Example: Nuestra casa tiene una perspectiva muy agradable, y nuestro jardin está adornado de bellísimas flores. Our house has a very fine prospect, and our garden is adorned with the finest flowers. Mis criados son muy perezosos. Sus hermanas son muy lindas. His sisters are very pretty. Rule 61. The possessive relative pronouns. The pronouns possessive relative are sometimes followed by a substantive, especially in exclamations; then the substantive comes before, and the pronoun takes no article. Example: ¡Dios mio! my God! ¡Madre mia! my mother! Rule 62. Possessive relative, mine, thine. The possessive pronouns mine, thine, his, hers, &c. agree in Spanish both in gender and number with the antecedent substantive to which they refer, and are always preceded by the definite article el, lo, la, los, las. Example: Los enemigos han destruido muchas casas: la mia y la vuestra fueron abrasadas; pero la suya no ha recibído daño alguno. The enemies have destroyed many houses: yours and mine have been burnt; but his has not suffered. Rule 63. Mine, sometimes expressed by mis. When the relative possessives mine, thine, his, hers, &c. are preceded by of, they are expressed in Spanish by mis, tus, sus, &c. Example: El señór A-d, uno de mis discipulos, ha aprendido la lengua Española en dosmeses. Mr. A-d, a scholar of mine, has learnt the Spanish language in two months. Rule 64. Mine, thine, expressed by mio, tuyo, suyo. When the verb to be is used in the sense of belonging to, followed by one of the personal pronouns to me, to thee, &c. those pronouns are rendered in Spanish by one of the possessive relatives, whose article is left out. Example: Creo que no es suyo. I do not think it is yours. Rule 65. Mine, thine, expressed by a substantive in the genitive case. If a substantive or a relative pronoun comes after the verb to be, signifying to belong to, they are both put in the genitive case in Spanish, as well as in English, as: Este caballo es de mi hermano. This horse is my brother's. ¿Cuya or de quien es esta casa? Whose house is that? CHAPTER VI. OF DEMONSTRA ONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. Rule 66. Este, masc. esta, fem. esto, neut. THIS; ese, masc. esa, fem. eso, neut. THAT; estos, masc. plur. estas, fem. plur. THESE; and aquel, masc. sing. THAT, There are three distinct sorts of pronouns : 1. Este shows the thing or person that is just near or by us. 2. Ese shows the thing that is a little further from the person to whom one speaks. 3. Aquel shows what is very distant from the person who speaks, as well as from him who is spoken to.These pronouns are generally used before substantives in Example : This man is learned. the Spanish language. This little girl is malicious, This garden is in good order. Ese pays es muy fértil. That country is very fruitful. R Aquel reyno es muy poblado. That kingdom is very well peopled. The demonstrative pronouns are repeated before every substantive, and agree with each in gender and number. Example: Este huerto, estos arboles, esta casa, y todas estas tablas no valen quinientas guineas. This garden, these trees, this house, and all these planks, are not worth five hundred guineas. Este hombre es un picaro. This man is a rogue. These pens are good for nothing. Eso es bueno de comér. This is good to eat. Rule 67. Qual, or loque; what, or that which. The pronouns that which or what, signifying that thing, are expressed in Spanish by qual, or lo qual, always singular masculine; as: Lo que es agradable al gusto, es muchas veces contrario á la salud. What is agreeable to the taste is often hurtful to the health. Lo que mas debemos temér, es la calumnia. Lo que mas deseo es que se haga la páx. Rule 68. Eso, esa, this or that. When the demonstrative pronouns have reference to several substantives, this and these refer to the nearest object or last spoken of, and are expressed by eso and esa; and those that have reference to the most distant |