Rule 11. A, not uno, or una. The indefinite article (a or un) is used in English, and not in Spanish, before nouns which express the time, profession, trade, country, or any other substantive antecedent. Example: ¿No es su hermano médico ? Is not his brother a physician? ¿Es vm. Españól? Are you a Spaniard ? Rule 12. A, not uno, or una. The indefinite article (a or an) is also used in English, and not in Spanish, in the four following cases : 1. Before a substantive used in opposition to another, as: El rey fué recibido en triunfo, honra que merecía bien. The king was received in triumph, an honour he deserved. 2. Before a substantive which explains the thing spoken of, as; He leido hoy el Delinqüente Honrádo, comedia estimáda. I have read to-day The Honest Criminal, an esteemed comedy. 3. In the title of a book, or any performance, as: Gramática de la lengua Españóla, 4 grammar on the Spanish language. 4. After the word what, used to express surprise, as: ¡Que ruido hace vm ! What a noise you make! SECTION IV. No article in Spanish nor in English. Rule 13. No article in either language. No article is used in Spanish or in English before the name of God (Dios), nor before proper names of hea then deities, men, women, towns, villages, days, or months. Example: Dios está presente en todas partes. God is present every where. Ciceron y Demosthenes fueron dos grandes oradores*. Cicero and Demosthenes were two great orators. Londres y Madrid son dos grandes capitales. Some, but few, proper names of persons take an article in Spanish; such are, el Ariósto, el Taso, el Ticiano, &c. Some names of kingdoms, provinces, and towns take also an article, such are, la China, el Chill, el Perú, las Indias, el Brigo, &c. Rule 14. No article before pronouns, No article is used in Spanish or in English before a substantive preceded by any pronoun whatever, as; Mi amigo vendrá mañána. My friend will come to-morrow. Esta casa es nueva. This house is new. ¿Que hóra es ahóra? What o'clock is it now? N. B. The definite article el, lo, la, los, las, is used in Spanish before the cardinal numbers, one, two, three, &c. when they are substantively used, or followed by a relative pronoun, but not in other cases: thus one may say, with an article, Vuelváme, vm. las veinte guineas que le presté el dia diez de Enéro ultimo. Return me the twenty guineas I lent you the tenth of January last, Rule 15. The preposition de. No article, but the preposition de, is used in Spanish *The article should be used be ́ore proper names, if they are in the plural, or particularized, as El Dios de los Christianos es am~ niputente, The God of the Christians is omnipotent. after the words espécie, suerte, género, mixtura, or any ther of the same signification, as El hombre está sugéto á toda suerte de enfermedales. El rezélo es una mixtura de amor y de ódio, de temór y de desesperacion. Jealousy is a mixture of love and hatred, of fear and despair. Rule 16. Transposition of words. No article but the preposition de is used before the latter of two substantives, when it expresses the nature, matter, species, quality, or the contrary, of the first. Example: El dolór de caléza, the head-ach: el dolór de muélas, the tooth-ach; un relox de oro, a gold watch médias de seda, silk stockings; lána de España, Spanish wool; vino de Borgóña, Burgundy wine. ; The English often make a transposition of words, and place the genitive case the first. This transposition is not allowed in Spanish, and the order must be reversed. Thus we say: La guardia del rey, the king's guard ; una criada de camara, a chambermaid. La cólera de Diana fué la causa de la muerte de Acteon. Rule 17. The preposition de. No article, but the preposition de, is used in Spanish after the following words: digno, worthy; lleno, full;as well as after adjectives governing the genitive case. Example: Vmd. es digno de alabanza, You are praiseworthy. La vida humana está llena de misérias, Human life is full ofmi series. Rule 18. Cases where no article is used. No article is used in either language before nouns taken in a vague and indeterminate sense; nor before those which form but one idea with the verb which precedes them, which is known when they are or could be expressed by one word in English; as in the following Examples: Tener compasión de los infelices. To pity the unfortunate. Visitár á un amigo. To visit a friend. The article is not used after the prepositions sin, con, or por, when the following noun is at the end of a sentence, or is not specified. Examples: Vmd. hábla con elegancia. You speak elegantly. To conquer without danger, is to triumph without glory. I have travelled by land and by sea. CHAPTER II. SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES. Rule 19. Two substantives in the same case. WHEN there is a conjunction between two nouns, they must be put in the same case; and if a substantive is preceded by a preposition, that preposition is usually repeated in Spanish before all others governed by it, as Su conséjo fué gustoso al rey, al ministro, y al parla mento. His advice pleased the king, the minister, and the par liament. Un hombre sin religion está en un estado de duda y confusion, de temor y de desconfianza. de A man without religion is in a state of doubt and confusion, fear and distrust. Rule 20. The latter of two substantives is put in thè genitive case. The latter of two substantives is generally put in the genitive case in Spanish, though it be in the dative in English. Example: Los impios son enemigos de la virtúd. Rule 21. A noun collective general. A noun collective general, that is to say, representing the whole object, such as the words pueblo, nación, exército, armada, &c. requires that the adjectives, pronouns, and verbs to which it refers should always be in the singular, as El exército grande de los Franceses fué totalmente deshecho. The great French army was totally defeated. Toda la armada está en la mar; partíó ayer por la mañana. The whole fleet is at sea; it set sail yesterday morning. Rule 22. A noun collective partitive. A noun collective partitive, that is, which represents only one part of the whole, such as cantidad, multitúd, &c. followed by a genitive plural, governs the verb and the pronoun in the singular, if it is preceded by a definite. article; but if not, it governs them in the plural. ample: Ex La multitud de los extrangeros hace el pan muy caro. (Sing.) The multitude of foreigners make bread very dear. número de los Christianos se extrávian cada dia. Un gran (Plur.) A multitude of Christians are led astray every day. The reason of this difference is, that the collective is a P |