Defence of Usury; showing the impolicy of the present legal restraints on the terms of pecuniary bargains; in letters to a friend. To which is added a Letter to Adam Smith, Esq., LL. D., on the discouragements opposed by the above restraints to the progress of inventive industry. By Jeremy Bentham, Esq., of Lincoln's Inn. VIII. THE GRAND OPERA OF PARIS. La Esmeralda, opera en quatre actes, musique de Mademoiselle Louise Bertin, paroles de M. Victor Hugo; représenté pour la pre- mière fois sur le Théatre de L'Academie Royale de Musique. Le Poems by Mrs. Felicia Hemans; a new collection. Boston, 1828. Songs of the Affections, with other poems. 12mo. Edinburgh, 1830. Scenes and Hymns of Life, with other Religious Poems. 12mo. Memoires biographiques, litteraires et politiques de Mirabeau; écrits par lui même; par son frère; son oncle; et son fils adoptif. 8 vols. Svo. Paris, 1834-6. The Complete Gardener, or Directions for Cultivating and right ordering of Fruit and Kitchen Gardens, with divers reflections on several parts of Husbandry. By the famous M. De la Quintinye, chief director of the gardens of the French king. Made into English by John Evelyn, Esq.; illustrated with copper plates. London: Matthew Gilly flower, at the Spread Eagle in Westminster Hall; and ART. VIII. TRAVELS IN EGYPT, ARABIA, AND PALESTINE. Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petræa, and the Holy Land. By an American. With a map and engravings. 2 vols. New IX. PRIOR'S Life of GolDSMITH. The Life of Oliver Goldsmith, M. B., from a variety of original sources. By James Prior, Esq., Fellow of the Society of Antiqua- ries, Member of the Royal Irish Academy, author of the Life of Burke, &c. Philadelphia. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 550. Juvenal and Persius. In 1 vol. Classical Family Library, No. 35. Pindar and Anacreon. Ditto, No. 36. New York, 1837. The Economy of Health, &c. By James Johnson, M. D. 1 vol. Martin Faber, the Story of a Criminal; and other tales. By the author of the "Yemassee," &c. 2 vols. New York, 1837. Falkner, a Novel. By the author of " Frankenstein." New The Library of American Biography. Conducted by Jared Sparks. Nick of the Woods, or the Jibbenainosay. In 2 vols. By the author of "Calavar." Philadelphia, 1837. PAGE AMERICAN QUARTERLY REVIEW. No. XLI. MARCH, 1837. ART. I.-1. Journal of the American Institute, a Monthly Publication, devoted to the Interests of Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures, and the Arts; accompanied with public documents, sketches of natural history, and, occasionally, philosophical and literary essays. Edited by a Committee, Members of the Institute. Vol. I. New York: 1836. 2. The New England Farmer and Gardener's Journal; containing essays, original and selected, relating to agriculture and domestic economy, with the prices of country produce. By THOMAS G. FESSENDEN. Boston: 1837. 3. Elements of Agricultural Chemistry, in a Course of Lectures for the Board of Agriculture. By Sir HUMPHREY DAVY, LL. D. London: 1814. Agriculture, in its broadest sense, may be defined the cultivation of the earth; and it is probably the most ancient of all the arts. Adam was sent forth to till the ground, and that was the condition of his existence. The precise date and measure of agricultural improvement, which existed during the different early ages of the world, cannot be accurately determined, from a want of historical records. The Chaldeans, the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Persians, Athenians, and Romans, it is well known, practised agriculture with considerable success, and encouraged it among their people as an honourable employment: and the learned treatises upon the subject, which were written during the continuance of the Grecian and Roman rule, comprising the works of such men as Hesiod, Xenophon, Cato, Columella, Virgil, and Varro, almost rival in bulk the "many camel loads" of the Justinian age of the law. Who has not heard of Cincin natus returning to his plough, after restoring the liberties of his country; or of Regulus, who requested to be recalled from Africa lest his farm might suffer from his absence; or of the VOL. XXI.-NO. 41. 1 ancient Persian kings, who annually threw off their diadem, that they might eat with the husbandmen! The senators of Rome employed the intervals of their public duties in the cares of husbandry. The veneration for this employment was carried so far by the Egyptians, that they worshipped as gods certain products of the soil, and those animals which were used in tillage. We shall present a condensed sketch of the early history of Agriculture, though the question may be asked, Why, in this age of printing, when the world can scarcely contain the books which are written, we discuss a matter so dry and uninteresting? We enter but a single plea of justification,-the importance of the subject. Agriculture was successfully exercised among the most civilized portions of the earth, until the reign of the Emperor Claudius, when it fell into neglect. The northern barbarians, who, after the reign of Constantine, overran Europe, cultivated by slaves only a small portion of the land near their habitations, and were content to roam over the vast deserts which their ravages had made, without any settled habits of industry. It is clear that, among these people, husbandry could receive but little attention. In 1478, an attempt was made to revive it, through the publication of a work in Florence by Crescenzio. The precise period in which agriculture was introduced into Britain is not known, although Julius Cæsar has alleged that it was practised by some of the colonists from Gaul who had settled in the southern part, about one hundred years before the Roman invasion. Great improvements were brought about in this art, however, by the establishment of the Romans in that country, and it sunk only with the declension of the other arts. Vast inroads were made by the Picts and Scots upon the general prosperity of the Britons; and on the arrival of the Saxons, in 449, the disastrous wars which followed actually drove the Britons from the fields which they had cultivated into barren regions. But although the Britons had lost, in a great measure, the science of agriculture, they encouraged it by their laws, which provided certain privileges in favour of those who should cultivate the soil. The Anglo-Saxons, upon their accession to Britain, imbibed a contempt for agriculture, and enacted by law that it should be followed only by women and slaves. These haughty warriors were, however, soon obliged to pursue the art, when the Britons, whom they had before plundered of their subsistence, were driven from the kingdom. The Saxon princes divided their domains into two parts, the inlands and outlands. The former were generally contiguous to the mansion of the proprietor, and were cultivated by his slaves for domestic purposes: |