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In similar vein, the Secretary of Agriculture, Mr. Jardine, has, within the last fortnight, stated in his public address at New Haven that, "men were not laying enough emphasis on pure science in proportion to our emphasis on the application of science and were not stimulating and training an adequate personnel in scientific research." Secretary Jardine further stated "the agriculture of the future will be successful in proportion to the extent to which it is shaped and guided by the basic facts revealed by scientific research, especially research in the fields of natural science, economics, engineering and business administration."

Research is truly the word to-day, not as a momentary fad, but as a permanent addition to our national equipment. Within the last week, two striking announcements emphasized in what important ways this new tool is being utilized. The morning papers of April 7 carried the announcement of a new policy by the largest of all our corporations, which is taking definite steps toward the creation of a great department of scientific research; the papers of Friday morning carried an appeal for a fund of $2,000,000 to be used for the benefit of the lepers in the Philippines, not for grounds and buildings where segregated they may pass away the remainder of their lives, but for research and equipment which will go to the root of the matter and drive out this dread scourge from among men.

The South is profiting to-day at every turn by the research which is adding so constantly to science and to the efficiency of industry. As a Southerner I have rejoiced over the news of the great industrial developments in the South and the many evidences of increase of wealth. Then I asked myself this question, "What contribution, in turn, is the South making to research in both pure and applied science?" To answer this question fairly, I have used methods of research and have gone over carefully the Journal of the American Chemical Society and Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, the publications of our national organization of chemists, and listed by states the origin of all the research articles published in these two journals last year. From this study (Table I) it was found that from the thirteen states south of the Potomac River, namely: Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee and Kentucky, there have appeared among the four hundred and twenty-seven contributions to pure science in the Journal of the American Chemical Society only twenty-two articles from these states, just 5.2 per cent. Of the two hundred and eighty-four reports of scientific work in Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, only twelve were from these states, just four per cent. I regret to

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record that from the states of West Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana not a single contribution was made. I regret to recall that among the three hundred and forty-eight contributions from university laboratories printed in the Journal of the American Chemical Society in 1926, there is not a single communication from a university in any of the following Southern states: West Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. Of the many contributions to applied science in Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, there is not a single paper from a university in the following states: West Virginia, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas and Kentucky.

I shall make no effort to assign the blame for this deplorable state of affairs, whether it be shortsightedness of legislatures or penuriousness of men of wealth in the South, the lack of understanding by the executives of our Southern institutions, or the deep rut of routine into which professors have without adequate remonstrance allowed themselves to be

thrown.

One thing is certain, it is time for an awakening and for a wholehearted union of forces and of effort in order that this great section of our country should meet its full obligations and take its proper place in the progress of America.

May the University of Richmond, situated in this great city of the new South, soon find itself in position to contribute its full quota to the research output of the nation and to offer to the men and women who come within its walls a future of unbounded possibilities.

THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATION, NEW YORK, N. Y.

CHARLES H. HERTY

ADDISON EMERY VERRILL: PIONEER

ZOOLOGIST

IN an attempt to gain some conception of the zoological influence of the life work of Professor Addison Emery Verrill, whose death occurred on December 10, 1926, there is brought to mind the enormous progress which has been made in the science of zoology during his lifetime. Beginning his scientific studies at the time of the arrival of Louis Agassiz in this country, bringing with him the concepts of comparative morphology which were commencing to supplant the earlier systematic work in Europe, Verrill was able to follow the entire course of zoological progress to its culmination in the experimental methods of the present day.

Although Verrill did not directly participate in these more modern phases of biological research, he fully realized that much of the more recent work has been possible only because of the foundations laid by a small group of able men who, since the middle of the last century, have explored the vast fields containing previously undiscovered forms of life and have thus made known the morphology, natural history and relationships of the organisms available for more specialized and experimental investigation.

Among these pioneer zoologists the name of Verrill stands out prominently because of the amount and accuracy of his contributions to our knowledge of marine invertebrates. More than a thousand species, including representatives of nearly all groups, were discovered and described by him, and their relationships to previously known forms were diagnosed with almost unerring accuracy and with a facility that amounted almost to genius.

He was much more than a systematic zoologist, however; he was a real naturalist in that he was always interested in the natural history of the animals which he studied as well as the morphological characters which distinguished the species new to science. His work on the natural history of the marine invertebrates of southern New England was the first extensive ecological study of its kind in America, and his Vineyard Sound report (published in 1871) was the standard reference book for all students of the seashore life of the region for more than thirty years.

Entering Harvard as one of the early pupils of Louis Agassiz, young Verrill, even while an undergraduate student, explored zoologically and geologically the island of Anticosti and parts of the coast of Labrador. Receiving his bachelor's degree at Harvard in 1862, he remained as assistant to Agassiz in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, for two years a position in which he had already served while still an undergraduate. During this time he made

a comprehensive study of the radiate animals and systematized the classification of the coelenterates. In 1864 Verrill was called by Yale to bring to that institution the new science of zoology as developed by Agassiz and to serve as her first professor of that subject. This position he held for forty-three years, until his retirement in 1907, at which time he was made professor emeritus.

When appointed at Yale he was but 25 years of age, having been born at Greenwood, Maine, Febru ary 9, 1839. It is perhaps needless to state that a naturalist of such exceptional ability in his manhood exhibited similar talents in his boyhood. At the age of thirteen he had learned to recognize the minerals and rocks of his native town. He later made a collection of nearly a thousand species of plants, each of which he remembered throughout the remainder of his life, and at seventeen he began a collection of the local shells, insects, amphibia, reptiles, birds and mammals, making the identification, when possible, with the aid of such few books as were available and noting especially the kinds which were different from any described in his books. In this way, and wholly without other assistance, he laid a broad foundation for the taxonomic studies which were to constitute his life work. These boyhood studies in natural history began to bear fruit in the years 1862 and 1863 when he published no less than twentytwo papers, of which two were on minerals, one on plants, three on corals and their allies, seven on birds, four on animals, three on amphibians and the others on general natural history. Most of these were brief taxonomic papers or lists of species, but one of them, on the revision of the Polypi of the eastern coast of the United States, showed a remarkable comprehension of the principles of taxonomy.

In 1871, when the United States Fish Commission inaugurated a comprehensive survey of the waters off the coast of New England with the object of securing information regarding the environment of the commercial fisheries, Verrill was selected as the logical person to take charge of the scientific investigations. And from that time until 1887 there came into his hands an almost continual stream of material dredged from the ocean bottom and containing a great number of forms of animal life quite different from any that had been previously known. These were busy years, with numerous publications describing the new things that were discovered, and before the work was discontinued the Peabody Museum at Yale had become the repository of hundreds of thousands of specimens, among them being several hundred species previously unknown.

Instead of distributing this mass of material to specialists as is the rule at the present day, Verrill

overed all the groups of invertebrates except the rotozoa, and it was his intention to summarize the esults of his extensive studies on the marine inverterates of the New England coast by writing a monoraph on each group. Several groups were comleted and published, but other manuscripts, with undreds of drawings, were left unfinished at the time f his death.

For his was the spirit of the pioneer, ever seeking ew forms of animal life for study, and having exausted the more interesting forms from New Enand he next turned his attention to the Bermudas, aking three trips to the islands. In 1901-1902 he ablished two volumes, containing not only the results f his studies in his special field, but also a brief storical survey of the settlement and social colonial velopment of the islands, their physiography and ology, and the effects of civilization on the native ra and fauna, the whole forming a very comprensive summary of the natural history of this popur vacation land.

For nearly twenty years after reaching the retiring e limit, in 1907, Verrill continued his studies with abated energy, publishing in this period a series papers which constitute in many respects his most portant contributions to science. These reflect his aturity of judgment and his accumulated knowlge from so many years of research.

These works summarize his knowledge of the corals d allied animals, the starfishes and allies, and the ustacea, covering more than a thousand pages and ustrated by some two hundred plates. Some time fore his death he had placed in the hands of the blishers his most extensive monograph, on the cyonaria, consisting of upwards of a thousand ges and 150 plates. There is also awaiting publition a report on the crustacea of Connecticut with er a hundred plates. A more detailed summary of s contributions to zoology and a condensed bibliraphy of his publications may be found in the merican Journal of Science, May, 1927. Verrill's work was continued almost uninterruptly until the last few weeks of his life. Even at e age of eighty-five, still sturdy and vigorous, he barked on a new voyage of discovery on Kauai land, in the Hawaiian group, with all the enthusm that he had shown when Agassiz sent him to brador and Anticosti in his student days. Two ars spent at that island, and nearly a thousand ts of marine invertebrates were collected, including mbers of the new species which he was seeking. is remarkable vitality, however, was at last exusted and after bringing the collection back to w Haven he was unable to complete its study. the autumn of 1926 he left for California to spend e winter with his son, but he died a few weeks after

his arrival. He was within two months of having completed his eighty-eighth year.

His publications extended over a period of fortyfour years. During this long period of activity he published more than 350 papers on geological and biological subjects, making known to science more than a thousand new species of marine invertebrates, and revised the classification of almost every group. That he was able to accomplish so much is due not only to the very unusual number of years that he was able to work, but also to his ability to continue the most arduous mental tasks for many hours each day, with never a thought of recreation and an almost incredible minimum of sleep. That his diagnoses were so accurate and that he could cover so wide a field is due in part to his marvelous memory; he seldom forgot anything of importance connected with his work and could recall the characteristics of almost every one of the thousand animals to which he had given names.

The definition of all the zoological terms in the 1890 edition of Webster's International Dictionary were prepared by Verrill, and by him the hundreds of accompanying illustrations were selected. One can hardly open this great volume without having before his eyes testimony of Verrill's remarkable breadth of scholarship.

For forty-five years (1865-1910) he was in charge of the zoological collection belonging to Yale University. Through his agency the collections increased from almost nothing to one of the most extensive in any university museum in the country.

The honorary degree of M.A. was conferred upon him by Yale and he was honored by being appointed lecturer at the Lowell Institute in Boston in 1899. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, for some years president of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, a corresponding member of the Societé Zoologique de France, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a member of many learned societies. From 1869 to 1920 he was associate editor of the American Journal of Science and he served as professor of comparative anatomy and entomology at the University of Wisconsin in 1868-70 and as a curator of the Boston Society of Natural History for some years, in addition to his professorship at Yale.

In 1865 Professor Verrill married Flora Louisa Smith, a sister of the late Professor Sidney I. Smith, of Yale. Mrs. Verrill died in 1915. Four of their six children survive, the two sons being Major George E. Verrill and Alpheus Hyatt Verrill.

YALE UNIVERSITY

WESLEY R. COE

SCIENTIFIC EVENTS

AIRPLANE VIEWS OF SOUTHEASTERN

ALASKA

IN order that the "phototopographic" views made in southeastern Alaska last summer by the Navy Department at the request of the Geological Survey may be available to the general public at as early a date as possible, arrangements have been recently entered into between the Geological Survey of the Interior Department and the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture whereby prints of the pictures may be obtained at a small price. It should be distinctly understood, however, that several prints of adjacent areas can not be jonied so as to form an undistorted mosaic.

Nearly 5,000 sets of exposures were made during the summer, each consisting of three parts-a central picture which represents the ground directly under the airplane and two side pictures which represent adjoining areas on each side of the central picture. The central picture is taken with a camera pointed vertically downward, and the two side pictures are made at the same moment by two supplementary cameras directed obliquely to each side and fixed at a definite angle to the vertical. A set of three pictures thus taken represents an area of about 11 square miles when the plane flies at the preferred elevation of 10,000 feet, and the whole series covers practically all of southeastern Alaska except Baranof and Chichagof Islands.

As rapidly as possible official sets of all the prints will be made, and one set will be placed on file for inspection in the district office of the Forest Service at Juneau, Alaska, and another in the office of the Alaskan branch of the Geological Survey, at Washington, D. C. More than one half of the prints have now been completed, and it is hoped to have the entire set ready by October 1. Orders for prints may be made by number from these file sets. Those to whom these file sets are not readily accessible may request from the Forest Service, Washington, D. C., a copy of an index map which shows the location of the area covered by each photograph or may forward orders specifying the location of the precise tract of which photographs are desired, the name of the island on which the tract is located, and the size of the tract.

OCEAN WEATHER CHARTS PREPARATION of complete ocean weather charts and dependable forecasts every day for the benefit of aircraft navigators, as well as masters of water craft on the North Atlantic, is a project which the United States Weather Bureau hopes to accomplish within the near future.

The transatlantic airplane flights have stimulated the receiving of ocean weather reports, enabling the bureau to keep the recent Byrd flight well advised £ to the winds, storms and fogs which would be er countered in the crossing. This service was made possible largely by the voluntary cooperation of ship masters and of the radio companies, which collected the ocean weather information twice daily and de livered it to the bureau for charting and analysis.

In future transatlantic flying such voluntary coopers tion will hardly be as readily forthcoming since the novelty of the enterprise will be gone and public interes less keen. Officials of the Weather Bureau are accord ingly figuring out what can be done to stimulate interes in ocean weather reports to add to the safety of flying and of navigation. It is their hope that shipmaster will continue the work when the present flying seasc is over. Nevertheless, something more permanently de pendable is essential.

That a more complete and extensive organization the ship service is necessary is shown by the fact the on some days while the fliers were waiting for favorabl conditions the Weather Bureau did not get a sing ship report from areas a thousand miles wide in th Atlantic. Even on May 18, two days before Lindberg made his successful flight, no report was received from any ship between midocean and the Irish Coast. 1 was not until he had started that weather reports from ships became nearly adequate. When Chamberlin mad his flight the amount of information coming in wa more abundant than in any previous period.

Eventually, when funds and facilities permit, Weather Bureau hopes to get reports twice daily from a ships in the Atlantic lanes. Such reports, supplemente by reports from land stations in this country, Canad Greenland, Iceland and Europe, would make possib the preparation of complete ocean weather charts a dependable forecasts every day.

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8. Absolute Intensities of Lines in the Pure Rotation Spectrum of HC1: Dr. R. M. Badger.

18. "Newton": Professor H. H. Turner, of Oxford University, England.

22. The Scandium Spectrum: Professor Henry Norris Russell, of Princeton University.

29. Theory of Precision Clocks and other Regenerative Systems: Mr. V. H. Benioff.

May 6. On the Theory of Compton Effect: Dr. P. S. Epstein.

13. Recent Research in Line and Band Spectra: Dr. L. A. Sommer, of the University of Göttingen.

20. The Theory of the Davisson-Germer Experiment: Drs. C. Eckart and F. Zwicky.

27. The Shift of Spectroscopic Lines with Pressure: Mr. H. D. Babcock.

June 3. Some Evidences as to the Ultimate Nature of Magnetism: T. D. Yensen. Photo-electric Fatigue: F. L. Poole.

THE INTERNATIONAL GEODETIC AND GEOPHYSICAL UNION

THE list of delegates and guests of the American Geophysical Union to the third general assembly of he International Geodetic and Geophysical Union which meets at Prague from September 3 to 10, includes:

Dr. Louis A. Bauer, director, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, accompanied by Mrs. Bauer.

Dr. William Bowie, chief of the division of geodesy of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, accompanied by Mrs. Bowie and their adult son.

Dr. J. H. Dellinger, senior physicist of the radio section of the U. S. Bureau of Standards, accompanied by Mrs. Dellinger.

Commander N. H. Heck, chief of the division of terrestrial magnetism and seismology, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Mr. W. D. Lambert, mathematician of the division ›f geodesy, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, accompanied by his sister, Miss Mary B. Lambert.

Dr. R. A. Millikan, director of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena.

Dr. Harry Fielding Reid, professor of dynamic geolgy of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

Professor L. C. Graton, of the department of geology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., will attend as a guest.

The following resolutions were adopted by the American Geophysical Union during its eighth annual meeting on April 29:

RESOLUTIONS ON TRANSLATIONS OF REPORTS ON SEISMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS PUBLISHED IN THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE

(Submitted by Section of Seismology)

Whereas, It has become known that the reports of much of the seismological investigations carried on in Japan will hereafter be published in the Japanese language only, and

Whereas, This procedure is calculated to deprive most of the American students in this field of research of the advantages of this literature, be it

Resolved, That this matter be brought to the attention of the National Research Council in the hope that the council may provide that this literature be rendered into English, also that provision be made whereby mimeographed copies of these translations be supplied investigators at research institutions gratis and to business concerns, insurance companies, and others interested at cost, and

Resolved, Further, that, should such an arrangement be feasible, a committee of the Geophysical Union be empowered to make a choice of the material to be so translated and distributed.

THE BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY AND SOILS OF THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DR. CHARLES ALBERT BROWNE, chief of the bureau of chemistry of the United States Department of Agriculture, has been designated acting chief of the new Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, which takes form July 1. Dr. A. G. McCall, of the University of Maryland, has been selected to head the department of soils and will take the place of Professor Milton Whitney, who has headed this work since its organization in the department, but who is now obliged, on account of ill health, to relinquish exacting administrative duties. Professor Whitney will devote himself to writing up results of important investigations on which he has been engaged for many years.

A. G. Rice, assistant to the chief of the Bureau of Soils, has been given the same position in the new bureau.

Dr. McCall was a member of the scientific staff of the Bureau of Soils from 1901 to 1904. He left the Department of Agriculture to become assistant professor of agronomy in the Ohio State University and was soon made head of that department, holding the position until 1916 when he became head of the de

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