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ARTICLE VI.

'All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof;' and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

Hayburn's Case, 2 Dall., 409; Ware v. Hylton, 3 Dall., 199; Calder and Wife v. Bull and Wife, 3 Dall., 386; Marbury v. Madison, I Cr., 137; Chirac v. Chirac, 2 Wh., 259; McCulloch v. The State of Maryland, 4 Wh., 316; Society v. New Haven, 8 Wh., 464; Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wh., 1; Foster and Elam v. Neilson, 2 Pet., 253; Buckner v. Finley, 2 Pet., 586; Worcester v. State of Georgia, 6 Pet., 515; Kennett et al. v. Chambers, 14 How., 38; Dodge v. Woolsey, 18 How., 331; State of New York v. Dibble, 21 How., 366; Ableman v. Booth and United States v. Booth, 21 How., 506; Sinnot v. Davenport, 22 How., 227; Foster v. Davenport, 22 How., 244; Haver v. Yaker, 9 Wall., 32; Clafflin v. Houseman, assignee, 93 U. S., 130; United States v. 43 Gallons of Whisky, 93 U. S., 188; Hauenstein v. Lynham, 100 U. S., 483; Neal 7. Delaware, 103 U. S., 370; Ex parte Crow Dog, 109 U. S., 556; Carroll County v. Smith, III U. S., 556; Head Money Cases, 112 U. S., 580; Van Brocklin v. State of Tennessee, 117 U. S., 151; United States v. Rauscher, 119 U. S., 407; Kerr v. Illinois, 119 U. S., 436; Whitney v. Robertson, 124 U. S., 190; the Chinese Exclusion Cases, 130 U. S., 581; Geofroy v. Riggs, 133 U. S., 258; In re Neagle, 135 U. S., 1; Cherokee Nation v. Kansas Ry. Co., 135 U.S., 641; Cook Co. v. Calumet & Chicago Canal Co., 138 U. S., 635; Horner v. United States, 143 U. S., 570; Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 149 U. S., 698; Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. Hefley, 158 U. S., 98; In re Quarles v. Butler, 158 U. S., 532; Ward v. Race Horse, 163 U. S., 504; McClellan v. Chipman, 164 U. S., 347; Smyth v. Ames, 169 U. S., 466; M., K. & T. Ry. Co. v. Haber, 169 U. S., 613; Ohio v. Thomas, 173 U. S., 276; De Lima v. Bidwell, 182 U. S., 1; Dooley v. U. S., 182 U. S., 222; Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U. S., 244; Fourteen Diamond Rings v. U. S., 183 U. S., 176; Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 U. S., 553; South Carolina v. U. S., 199 U. S., 437; Berea College v. Kentucky, 211 U. S., 45; Paddell v. City of New York, 211 U. S., 446; McLean v. Arkansas, 211 U. S., 539; A., T. & S. F. Ry. Co. v. Sowers, 213 U. S., 55; Sanchez v. U. S., 216 U. S., 167; House 7. Mayes, 219 U. S., 270; Flint v. Stone Tracy Co., 220 U. S., 107.

'The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.

Ex parte Garland, 4 Wall., 333; Davis v. Beason, 133 U. S., 333; Mormon Church v. United States, 136 U. S., I.

ARTICLE VII.

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.

DONE in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. In Witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,

GO WASHINGTON Presidt and deputy from Virginia

New Hampshire.

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ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED By the LEGISLATURES OF the SeverAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION.

[ARTICLE I.] *

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Terret et al. v. Taylor et al., 9 Cr., 43; Vidal et al. v. Girard et al., 2 How., 127; Ex parte Garland, 4 Wall., 333; United States v. Cruikshank et al., 92 U. S., 542; Reynolds 7. United States, 98 U. S., 145; Spies v. Illinois, 123 U. S., 131; Davis v. Beason, 133 Ú. S., 333; Eilenbecker v. Plymouth County, 134 U. S., 31; Mormon Church v. United States, 136 U. S., 1; In re Rapier, 143 U. S., 110; Horner v. United States, 143 U. S., 207; Bradfield v. Roberts, 175 U. S., 291; Turner v. Williams, 194 U. S., 279; Jack v. Kansas, 199 U. S., 372; Quick Bear v. Leupp, 210 U. S., 50; Twining v. New Jersey, 211 U. S., 78; Gompers v. Bucks Stove and Range Co., 221 U. S., 418.

[ARTICLE II.]

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Presser v. Illinois, 116 U. S., 252; Spies v. Illinois, 123 U. S., 131; Eilenbecker v. Plymouth County, 134 U. S., 31; Jack v. Kansas, 199 U. S., 372; Twining v. New Jersey, 211 U. S., 78.

*The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States were proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the First Congress, on the 25th of September, 1789. They were ratified by the following States, and the notifications of ratification by the governors thereof were successively communicated by the President to Congress: New Jersey, November 20, 1789; Maryland, December 19, 1789; North Carolina, December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19, 1790; New Hampshire, January 25, 1790; Delaware, January 28, 1790; Pennsylvania, March 10, 1790; New York, March 27, 1790; Rhode Island, June 15, 1790; Vermont, November 3, 1791, and Virginia, December 15, 1791. There is no evidence on the journals of Congress that the legislatures of Connecticut, Georgia, and Massachusetts ratified them.

[ARTICLE III.]

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in. time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Spies v. Illinois, 123 U. S., 131; Eilenbecker v. Plymouth County, 134 U. S., 31; Jack v. Ransas, 199 U. S., 372; Twining v. New Jersey, 211 U. S., 78.

[ARTICLE IV.]

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Smith 7. Maryland, 18 How., 71; Murray's Lessee et al. v. Hoboken Land and Improvement Co., 18 How., 272; Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wall., 2; Boyd v. U. S., 116 U. S., 616; Spies v. Illinois, 123 U. S., 131; Eilenbecker v. Plymouth County, 134 U. S., 31; Fong Yue Ting v. U. S., 149 U. S., 698; Interstate Com. Comm. v. Brimson, 154 U. S., 447; In re Chapman, 166 U. S., 661; Adams v. New York, 192 U. S., 585; Morris v. Hitchcock, 194 U. S., 384; Public Clearing House v. Coyne, 194 U. S., 497; Interstate Com. Comm. v. Baird, 194 U. S., 25; Jack v. Kansas, 199 U. S., 372; Hale v. Henkel, 201 U. S., 43; Consolidated Rendering Co. v. Vermont, 207 U. S., 541; American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister, 207 U. S., 284; Consolidating Rendering Co. v. Vermont, 207 U. S., 541; Twining v. New Jersey, 211 U. S., 78; Hammond Packing Co. v. Arkansas, 212 U. S., 322; Bagley v. General Fire Extinguishing Co., 212 U. S., 477; Smithsonian Institution v. St. John, 214 U. S., 19; Rhodus v. Manning, 217 U. S., 597; Flint 7. Stone Tracy Co., 220 U. S., 107; American Lithographic Co. v. Werckmeister, 221 U. S., 603; B. & O. R. R. Co. v. Interstate Com. Comm., 221 U. S., 612; U. S. v. Morgan, 222 U. S., 274.

[ARTICLE V.]

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be

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