Before Writing, Vol. I: From Counting to CuneiformUniversity of Texas Press, 1992 - 283 pages Before Writing gives a new perspective on the evolution of communication. It points out that when writing began in Mesopotamia it was not, as previously thought, a sudden and spontaneous invention. Instead, it was the outgrowth of many thousands of years' worth of experience at manipulating symbols. Denise Schmandt-Besserat presents a system of counters (tokens) that appeared in the Near East following the invention of agriculture (about 8000 B.C.) as the immediate precursor of Sumerian writing. Tokens were small objects modeled in clay in various geometric forms used for counting and accounting for goods. They remained in use during 5,000 years with little change, except at the rise of cities, when the types multiplied. The tokens represented a breakthrough in communication. They constituted the first code, the first system of signs for communication. They made it possible to deal concurrently with multiple kinds of data, thus allowing the processing of a volume and complexity of information never reached previously. Tokens functioned as an extension of the human brain to collect, manipulate, store, and retrieve data. In turn, processing an increasing volume of data brought people to think in greater abstraction. Before Writing discusses how the tokens reflect an archaic way of "concrete counting" that paved the way to abstract counting. The evolution of the token system was also tied to the development of political power, since accounting was key to the control of real goods. Before Writing documents how numeracy was the privilege of an elite and shows how the more complex the token system became the more power it wielded. Written in an engaging and lively style, Before Writing, Volume I: From Counting to Cuneiform has significance far beyond a single field. It will be of interest to scholars and general readers interested in the origin of civilization, communication, and mathematics. A companion volume, Before Writing, Volume II: A Catalog of Near Eastern Tokens, is also available and contains the primary data on which Schmandt-Besserat bases her theories. |
Contents
IMPRESSED TABLETS | 129 |
THE EVOLUTION OF SYMBOLS IN PREHISTORY | 157 |
COUNTING AND THE EMERGENCE OF WRITING | 184 |
TOKENS THEIR ROLE IN PREHISTORY AND THEIR | 195 |
CHARTS 116 | 203 |
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Before Writing, Vol. I: From Counting to Cuneiform Denise Schmandt-Besserat No preview available - 1992 |
Common terms and phrases
abstract counting Abteilung Baghdad animals Antiquités Orientales Archaeology archaic Archéologique Arpachiyah artifacts beveled-rim bowls biconoids bullae BWII Chogha Mish collection complex tokens concrete counting cone mosaics Courtesy Musée cuneiform cylinder seal Dafi 8a Département Département des Antiquités Deutsches Archaeologisches Institut Eanna early example Excavations Fouilles fourth millennium B.C. Ganj Dareh Godin Tepe Habuba Kabira Hajji Firuz Ibid impressed signs impressed tablets incised ovoids Iran Iraq jar of oil Jarmo kens lenticular disks measures of grain Mecquenem Mesopotamia Mureybet Musée du Louvre Neolithic number of tokens Paleolithic paraboloids percent perforated pictographic Pierre Amiet plain tokens prehistoric punctations recovered rectangles Seh Gabi shapes specimens spheres strokes subtypes Sumerian Susa symbols Syria tallies Tell Aswad Tell Brak Tell Kannas Tello temple Tepe Asiab Tepe Gawra Tepe Hissar Tepe Yahya tetrahedrons Third Millennium tion token assemblages token system triangles University Uruk period wedges writing ZATU