1

CHAPTER V.

THE progressive improvement of Man, by increased moral and mental faculties, is a law applicable to human nature, notwithstanding the stationary condition of some, and the retrograde condition of another species. . 156 What is progress. The Shemites only possess the elements. The interests of Man promoted by a correct knowledge of the natures of the respective races. The method of investigating the subject of progress. By Geological, the Mosaic, and Profane History. Arbitrary division of Geological periods. The Igneous Period. The Zoophytic. The Saurian. The Mammalian Periods. The Revealed, or Adamic Period. Previous Creations destroyed. New Creation headed by a Psychical, instead of an Instinctive Being. Climate of the Adamic Period. Proofs. Noachian Period. No new Creation designed for it. Singular fact in the history of Man. Men live longer now in three-score years and ten, than did Methuselah in forty-eight score years and nine. Diminished duration of life in the Adamic and Noachian periods. No important geological change since the Deluge. Fixation of Oxygen and other gases during the different periods. Creation out of nothing not a matter of as much surprise as the living self-executing laws impressed on matter. Chemistry proves the world to have been made out of nothing so nearly that but one step remains. Quality produced out of nothing. Man alone organized for indefinite improvement. Shemitic family succeeded to the inheritance of the Jews. Security or liberty essential to progress. Tyranny can raise Pyramids, Liberty raises Taste, Genius, Refinement, and Delicacy. Increased moral and mental powers chiefly arise from exercise. Chronology of the Septuagint, and probable time of the Flood. Ancient Civilization, what. Shinar, the centre of distribution. Egypt. Canaan. Phonica, or Syria. Assyria. Persia. India. China. No important improvement from the Deluge until patriarchal civilization was engrafted on the Greeks. Causes of Progress among the Greeks. The Egyptians. built Pyramids, the Greeks intellectual structures. The Romans were stately and grave, as the Greeks were gay and lively. They added little to the Greek stock, but made it the currency of the world. Effects of their conquests. Importance of the division of the Roman Empire. The Dark Age. The Germans. Consequences of their inroads. The Dark necessary for moral and mental renovation. Roger Bacon, Dante, Petrarch, Wickliffe. Progress commenced before the social elements became homogeneous. The Mariner's Compass, the Art of Printing, and Steam Power, their effects upon civilization. Discovery of a New World. Constitutional capability for Progression increased. Examples. Materials or elements of Knowledge always the same. Apples fell from trees before one fell on Newton. Water boiled and steam generated before the Marquis of Worcester. Elements the same, but capability increased. Capability and experience must be equal. Generation transmits capability. Comparison of the different Species in regard to capability. The Ante-Adamic periods types of the Post-Adamic. Responsibility of the Shemitic Species cannot be discharged by avowals of brotherhood. Asia surrounded by Shemites. Probable consequences. Africa invested on three sides. Oceanica occupied. Civilization actively in progress. Conclusion.

CHAPTER VI.

THE effect of Climate, mode of living, &c., to produce organic and functional differences in men. 216

How it came that climatic influences were supposed to be applicable to man. Animal analogies. Animals have prescribed habitats. Isothermal lines not equally habitats. Man has no habitat. Domestic animals not analogues for Man. They are not analogues of each other. Wild types not known. Sheep never known wild. Would become extinct without the protection of man.

The Horse probably the last domesticated quadruped. His wild type lost.
Change of color of Cattle and Sheep in Jacob's history. Tendency to change
in different animals. Mice and Rats have suffered no change. Sheep, Oxen,
and Horses, variable in a wild state. Assumptions by the advocates for the
unity of species. Food of men and animals, in which they are not analogous.
Color an important specific item. Importance of, to the animal economy.
Zoology not interested in the operations of climate, if they are invariable on
the same subjects. If climate can produce specific changes, the doctrine of
La Mark is proved. Specific differences of men the same, whether produced
by climate or direct creation. Individual examples prove nothing of a general
nature. Inductive and syllogistic logic. President Smith's method. Example.
Example from Lawrence. Dr. Smith's opinion of the Negroes of the U. S.
controverted. The wide dispersion of the Jews. Their original type pre-
served. All the races known for 3500 years. The same species in all climates
preserve specific character. Example from Lawrence.

CHAPTER VII.

WHAT Constitutes a distinct species.

246

Different attempts at a definition of species. Hybridity. De Candole's,
Lawrence's, and Prichard's definitions examined. Not correct. Dr. Prichard
abandons his definition, and assumes an independent position, which is exam-
ined. Lawrence also abandons his definition. Descent how proved zoologi-
cally. Hybridity, what it is. Anatomy and Physiology indicate zoological
character. What they signify. Owen's Osteological comparison of the Orang,
Chimpanzee, and Man. What it proves on our subject. Psychical beings im-
portantly modified by slighter differences than Instinctive. Ogilby on the
value of a thumb. Zoological characters of Polypi and Infusoria. Definition
of Species, and critical examination of it. Supported by examples. De Kay's
New York Fauna, Class Mammalia. All animals governed by Instinct but Man.
Reason in Man the equivalent for instinct. General survey of the different
zoological families of Man. British compared with the Chinese. Secret of
British superiority actually three times the population. Capability of improve-
ment of all the races proves nothing but that they are all Psychical. Glance
at the psychical condition of all the races. Shemites colonize, other races do
not. Characteristics of species must be permanent. Nature of proof to estab-
lish it. Natural law applicable to it No permanent varieties. Probable pre-
sumption is the weakest proof. Violent presumption is often equivalent to
positive proof. What gives rise to it. Positive proof, what. Application of
these principles to our definition. Different specific organizations have pre-
vailed immemorially among men. All the races of men agree in generic cha-
racters. Physical characteristics unimportant compared with Psychical. Dif-
ferences of races in this respect. Conclusion.

CHAPTER VIII.

WHETHER the differences of physical organization, and of moral and intellec-
tual qualities which characterize the several races of men, are analogous
in kind and degree to those which distinguish the breeds of domestic ani-
mals, and must therefore be accounted for on the same principle. . 308
Statement of the question. Analogies used without reasons, which should
be explicitly stated, but which has not been attempted. Easy mode of philos-
ophizing. Analogy is not of indefinite meaning Resemblance is not analogy.
Analysis of definitions. In comparative Anatomy, what. Examples. Differ-
ence between scientific and strict analogy and speculative. Speculative should
be founded upon strict. Example. At best uncertain. Not a fit foundation
for Science. Natural History of Man founded on Speculative Analogy and

Resemblance. Analysis of the subject. Domestication and civilization not synonymous. Meaning attached to them. Effects of domestication upon animals extremely difficult to be known. Dr. Prichard's statement. Wild types restored in America supposititious. But granted, and all conclusions founded on it, and what then? No physical change of men by civilization, proved. What is man, and what an animal. Difficulties of definitions arise from what cause. Infinite variety of organic life. Man is a psychical animal. Few instincts compensated by mind. Animals inferior in what. Reason may violate natural laws, instinct never. Superior to instinct, in what. To attribute psychical power to animals an error. Lawrence's opinion. The Mule on the Andes is no example. Impropriety of examples from single traits. The mind of Man not a single trait, but a combination of many, all equally necessary. What constitutes the mind not the question. Mind without brains. Lawrence refuted. The mind to be judged, zoologically, by manifestations. The Elephant, Fox, and Horse, compared with the Bee, the Ant, and the Spider. Marvellous stories of animals. Strong instance of apparent reason in the Bee. Definition and analysis of instinct. It is unimprovable. Altered by domestication, but returns to types when set at liberty. Its limits. Example. Instinct more perfect than abstract reason. Examples. Uniform, even in deviations, under all similar circumstances. Reason defined. Improvable. Examples. Extension and expansion of. An additional sense, exclusively human. Spallanzani's experiments on Bats. Accounted for by Cuvier. Reason produces different modes of action in men. Comparison of the mechanical powers of men and animals. In what sense man is domestic, not explained by authors. Animals are not domesticated, but enslaved. Improvements by domestication are degenerations. Civilization produces improvement, not degeneration. Why. Man and animals analogous, in what. In classification the descending series give value to the ascending. Quotations from Lawrence. Importance of siight anatomical and functional differences. Dr. Prichard's Psychological Characteristics of animals. Materialists. Man a Psychical Being apart from eternity. Kings of Egypt returning to the living. Man the type of all nature. His improvements voluntary. Conclusion.

CHAPTER IX.

THE Anatomical and Physiological structure and functions of the different races of Men are sufficient to constitute distinct species. 360

The comparative importance of Anatomy in different departments of Natural History. Anatomy insufficient to class Man. Man is more than a mere animal. His erect attitude is not a subject for boasting. The human mind is not disclosed by the knife to the materialist. Division of the human head. The Skull. The Face. The relation between them. The Forehead. The Facial Angle. Of little value to compare different species. But an approximation to the truth in the same species. Size and proportional weight of the Brain of Men and Animals. Ratio of the Brain to the Nerves. Lawrence's opinion of these theories. Sandy matter in the Pineal gland an evidence of virility. Universal rule sought, but not found. Method of Phrenologists. Division of the Skull into moral, intellectual, and animal properties and propensities correct. The foundation of Craniology. Exceptions. Craniological rules applicable to one species may not apply to another. Example. The mass of brain is important, but not more than quality. Dr. Smith's opinion. Operations of the Encephalos not understood. Order in complexity. Evidence that mass of brain is not all-important. Function, what. The cause of function is not the mind. The effect is. Childhood. Puberty. Manhood. Temperaments of the different species. Strenuous. Passive. Callous. Sluggish. Insensibility of ail the dark races. The skin, different in the different races Rete mucosum, what it is, and how it modifies sensibility. Cutis. Conclusions from the facts. The matter which constitutes the Rete Mucosum

pervades the flesh. Canaanites not subject to nervous disorders. Dr. Pri-
chard on the Rete Mucosum. Albino compared with European. Colonization
Society. Hair and perspirable matter. Dr. Prichard proves the Negro not to
have wool, but veritable hair. Remarks upon his concluding paragraph. Co-
lor of the hair independent of the Rete Mucosum. Dr. Prichard's examina-
tions of different hair, what they prove. Exceptions unimportant. Less car-
bonic acid expired by the negro, and more animalized. Functions of the lungs.
Lubricity of the skin and Odor. Diseases. Identity of, in the races is no evi-
dence of the unity of species. Torpor of the dark races. Domestic animals
subject to human diseases. Vaccination. Example of epidemics. List of
identical animal and human disorders and remedies. Osteology. Skull and
brain. Craniology proves too much by classing half of Asia, North Africa, and
Europe, ancient and modern, together. Crania of the Turks probably not cor-
rectly observed. Functions more important than osteology. Modification of
one bone modifies the system. Smith in relation to the chin. Physical char-
acters of the different species. Conclusion.

CHAPTER X.

WHETHER any, and what inferences can be drawn from accidental varieties
springing up in the human family, to enable us to account for the differ-
ences observed among men.

422

Negroes the progenitors of mankind. Dr. Prichard's theory. A Law of Na-
ture. Albinos always known to belong to the species from whom they are de-
rived. Buffon's theory. Mutes. All monsters hybrids. The Porcupine men.
These freaks of nature prove men to have been made in the form they now
bear. Albinos among all warm blooded animals. Varieties not now produced.
Proportion of monstrous births not one in millions. Chances against them.
Esau. Not early enough. Is there no place in the world now fit for the pro-
cess? New Holland? America? Dr. Prichard's mixed races not perma-
nent. Mulattoes return to their types. They are hybrids. Professor Wag-
ner's rule. Maternal influence on progeny. The doctrine of congenital varie-
ties depends on analogy. The Porcupine family is extinct. They were inca-
pable of continuing the species. Conditions necessary to produce varieties in
the animal kingdom. Constitutional preparation necessary. Youatt. Tenden-
cy in stock to return to original type. All the conditions inapplicable to Man.
If animals are the analogues of man, the conditions are essentials. Lawrence's
theory. Preventing intermixture is not the only requisite for success. If ani-
mals are analogues now, they were not 4000 years back. If domestication and
civilization are equivalents, why do not white women now bear black children.
Lawrence's examples to prove color not essential to race examined. Excep-
tions slight to a general law. Natural varieties within the limits of species.
Thirty three-millions of children born every year, each different, yet preserving
their specific agreements. Conclusion.

CHAPTER XI.

THE Psychical Attributes peculiar to Man.

454

Why called attributes. Dr. Prichard's Psychological Characteristics. All
Religions of one origin. The universal idea of spiritual agency derived from
one source. Geogony of each species peculiar. Extraordinary distribution of
the specific masses of mankind. Different races took different routes. Division
of religion into symbolical and personified. Regularity of arrangements in ap-
parent confusion. Sexual relations of the different species. Monogamy de-
stroyed patriarchy in the Shemitic family. Poets the early priests of Shemites.
Homer and Hesiod. Edda and Voluspa. Ossian. Education, Religion, and
Government, not the foundation of intellectual character, but Genius, founded

upon specific temperaments. Benevolence universal among men. Compari-. son of species in regard to it. Conscientiousness universal. Influence of education upon. Expansive quality of. Intellectual Appetite. Its peculiar manifestations in, and contrasts of the several species. Prudence depends chiefly on specific temperaments. Species contrasted in regard to. Admiration what. Specific differences and contrasts in regard to. Fame what. Objects of. War and Hunting. Theory of Jurists. Contrasts of Species in regard to. Speech, or Language. Origin of. Not artificial. Duponceau and Richardson's opinions. Dr. Blair's theory examined. Vocabulary of Adam. Variety of Languages. Affiliation of Languages. Shemitic, Japhethic, Ishmaelitic, and Canaanitic Languages. Reason, or Causality what. Phrenological organs denied. Influence of Temperaments upon. Identity of civilization of the ante-historic world. Standard of mind after the flood. Patriarchal, or Colossal civilization. State of the arts and sciences. Egypt, Babylon, Nineveh, India, China, all very similar. Greeks only remodeled patriarchal civilization, and made it progressive. Patriarchal civilization a type for Asia and Africa, but only a rudiment for Europe. Importance of sexual relations to progress. Admirable migatory arrangements of the patriarchs. Sesostris. Shepherds. Colchians. Germans. Pelasgians. The Greeks the types of Shemites. The Dark Age. Reinvigoration of Shemitic intellect by the infusion of the German. Greeks best qualified for types, Germans for progression. Precocious and early maturity of the Grecian, more than compensated by the substance of the German element. Contrasts of the species in respect to intellectual power. Dr. Prichard's comparison of the human races with respect to mental endowments examined.

CHAPTER XII.

THE History of Woman is a necessary and important item in the Natural History of Man.

595

Woman's power, active and passive. Anterior to education. The condition of, indicative of specific character. Men have advantages which are compensated to women. The Dark Races. The Shemitic Species. Seraglios. Zananahs. The Turk and Hindu. Chinese. Africans. New Hollander. European. Specific differences made by Him who knows. Different treatment of women arises from difference of specific temperaments, not from education and government. Mohammedanism. Spaniards. Hindus. Israelites not examples of the sexual relations of the Shemites. The Greeks and Romans omitted. Heeren's remarks. Fact in Herodotus. Germans. Tacitus De Mor. Ger. Guizot's theory against Tacitus examined. The importance of the subject. Flippant manner of disposing of Tacitus. The sexual relations of the Germans do not depend exclusively on Tacitus. Confirmed by Cæsar, Florus, &c. German women taken as hostages for the performance of treaties. Guizot indirectly confirms Tacitus. The Germans barbarians in the arts and sciences, the Romans in morals. Feudalism introduced by the Germans, What elements of civilization sprang from it. Isolation. The Baron in his Castle, and what he carried to it. Guizot's theory against Tacitus' facts. Guizot's subsequent Lecture. His analogies improper. His conclusion is not against Tacitus. His two things introduced by the Germans. A third proposed, the individuality of woman, and the importance of this element. The Germans produced modern civilization. They saved Europe from the Ishmaelites and Mohammedanism. The social manners and habits of the Ishmaelites. Sexual relations of the Bedouins. Women slaves. The Kereks. Persians. Voluptuous education of women. Instances of degradation. Japhethans. Women are merchandise among them. Mode of getting a wife. Women's apartments. Widows sold for the benefit of heirs. Canaanites. General ignorance of. Their amusements. Dancing and Music. No limits to polygamy. King of Dahomey has 3000 wives. King of Kiama's visit to Clapperton. Incident with Clapperton. Wolofs. Sereres. Bambuk. Dahomey. Ashantee. Ta