riba. Examples exhibit specific differences. Sexual relations founded in nature. Education and government subsequent to, and founded on them. Constitutional temperaments form sexual relations. Remarkable differences in species of the Strenuous, Callous, and Passive temperaments. The Sluggish temperament remarkably adapted to the circumstances of Canaanites. Shemitic civilization alone benefited by Woman. Its effects. The foibles of women are means of civilization. Polygamy universal among the dark races. Cannot be the effect of accident. Sensual desire, not the sentiment of love, the motive. Polygamy opposed to moral and intellectual improvement. The importance of sexual freedom. Qualities of Woman. She has no security for rights but in the male. Laws give her no other security. Love has a higher object than the perpetuation of the species. Intellectual progression depends on it. Social institutions are founded on sexual relations. Conclusion.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE great Natural law which has kept each species of Man distinct from every other.

. . . 640 Power of Beauty. Its influence on Man. What is it? A universal principle applicable to all sorts of Beauty unattainable. No natural standard of. Beau ideal of the Greeks. Natural Beauty divided into organic and inorganic. Organic divided into Vegetable, Animal, and Human. Examples. Beauty of the Imagination. Mixed Beauty. Of the Heart. Human Beauty influenced by Temperament. Geographic lines insufficient to separate species. Specific Tastes for Beauty. Specific Standards. Importance of freedom of both sexes to alliances. Wants the foundation of love. Crosses in species beneficial, out of species prejudicial. Moral and mental qualities constitute the highest charms. They give brilliance and elegance to features. Polygamy unnatural. Happiness of the female as important as that of the male. Desire for matrimony equal. All dark races polygamous. Children inherit qualities from parents. Walker. Knight. Prichard. Lawrence. Dr. Watts. Which parent is most influential to impart qualities to offspring. Expanding influence of sexual intercourse. Absence of female influence in the dark races. Importance of Courtship. Sir Walter Scott. The various specific Temperaments produce corresponding differences of sexual relations. Lady Montagu's opinion in regard to personal beauty. Moral and Mental Attributes not always united in the same person. Human laws declaratory of the Natural. Sir Wm. Blackstone. Walker's theory of propagation by halves, not blood. Functions are the joint gift of both parents. Examples. Amalgamation an injury without benefit. Gutzlaff. Domestic animals and Man not improvable by the same process. Method of improving domestic animals. Sir Walter Scott's lamentation without cause. Dr. Johnson's opinion of the marriage process. Cruel laws of Babylon and Dahomey. The Moral and Intellectual world under the control of natural laws. Not seen in individuals, but in masses. The Vices and Virtues of a community are subject to figures, while individual free agency is not interfered with. These laws are necessary for progression, of which sexual love is the foundation. Conclusion.

CHAPTER XIV.

Conclusion...

Recapitulation of the arguments.

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CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION.

THE Natural History of Man is yet a desideratum in science. It lies scattered on the pages of the history of nations, in books of travels, in missionary reports, and in the works of philosophers, who have written on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the several races. Nay, it may be said, that it lies scattered over the whole literature, arts, sciences, and condition of the world, ancient and modern; but has never yet been collected, arranged, and condensed.

It must be acknowledged that all the definitions and systems which have been framed in relation to Man, are more or less artificial. From the Grecian philosopher who described man as "a biped without feathers," to the English philosophers, who defined him as "an animal that cooks his victuals," or, "an animal that makes bargains;"-and the American philosopher who defined him as "a tool-making animal," his animal properties alone have been considered, without reference to man as he is-a psychical being. Philosophers who have professedly written the Natural History of man, have made nothing more of him. From Linnæus to Prichard, he has been classed and treated exclusively as an animal. It is true, that he has been slowly advancing in zoologi

cal classification. Recent writers imagine they have done much for the honor of the race, by placing him in an Order by himself,-thus separating him from the debasing association of monkeys, lemurs, and bats. It amounts, however, only to a nominal honor; a promotion without advantages; a distinction without a separation. They have, nevertheless, kept man so closely associated, not only with the anthropoid animals, from which they were so anxious to separate him (but with the whole of organic nature), that everything having life is regarded as his analogue, his associate, in the highest and noblest properties of his nature.

It is true also, that, in their contests with develop ists, much pains have been taken, and scientific skil displayed by authors, to exhibit the anatomical and physiological differences between man and animals but having satisfactorily accomplished this feat, they have reaped no advantage by the victory; for the immediately fraternize with their foes, with a magna nimity which could not have been expected from th violence of the contest. Judging from the result rather than the fact, peace was established by a con promise, rather than a victory; in which Bory de S Vincent, Lamarck, &c., were the most skilful dipl matists. By adroitly yielding, on a mere point empty honor, the precedence in classification, th secured the substantial advantages for the whole organic nature to be the analogues, the types of ma to be the representatives of his nature, the controll of his destiny, and the expounders of his powers a qualities, physical and psychical. Progressive de

They gained the
Horses and

lopists could ask for no more. fruits of victory, if they lost the battle. asses, oxen and sheep, dogs and hogs, rabbits and poultry, &c., constitute the bases of all theories, of all arguments, of all conclusions, in relation to the highest and noblest attributes of Man. If, after having effectually separated man from animals, by an Order, they had confined their analogies to that in which they acknowledged them to agree-the Classit would have been consistent with their own arguments and positions. But they rejected none, whether they related to species, genus, or order-the very things in regard to which they had so satisfactorily proved a total disagreement. And yet it is so evident that there can be no analogy, where there is no agreement, that we are surprised the very able philosophers who gained the victory over the Developists, so readily conceded to them the principle of the contest, while they were satisfied with the name of victory.

The Natural History of Man is much too vast a subject to be measured and restrained by animal analogies. There is not, in the whole range of the natural sciences, a branch of as deep interest to the philosopher, or one which should be more entertaining and instructing to the general reader. The theme is boundless in extent and variety. Is the reader fond of the dry, the abstract, and the logical? Where can he find a subject to supply him with materials for his abstractions and logic, in greater abundance than in the Natural History of Man? Is science his forte? Where can he find more than is

contained in comparative and human anatomy and physiology, philology, &c.? Is history the object of his admiration? What history of any single nation is so vast, so important, and so interesting, as the philosophical history of mankind? Does he desire to witness God's providence in the government of the moral world? What displays it more remarkably and wonderfully than the history of the mass of mankind, the peculiarly singular arrangements of masses, and the simple instrumentalities He has employed to accomplish his designs, in regard to the onward march of the mind in progressive development? Is he a philanthropist? What will enable him to discharge his duty to all men so efficiently as to know the wants of mankind, and the means of relieving them? Is he a statesman? Where can he find more valuable instruction than the various influences which have produced the moral and intellectual advance, stationary condition, and retrogression of the races of men? In short, the subject is entirely too vast, too rich, and too important to receive illustration or assistance from any analogies below itself. Man with man, species with species, are the only analogues for one another; which we have endeavored to prove in the following pages.

Comparative Anatomy, and particularly Craniology, in their ordinary acceptations, important as they are, are also too narrow to form a foundation for this history. Valuable as they must be acknowledged to be, as aids, in the present state of knowledge they have not sufficient substance to form a foundation. Assuming the European skull as the standard