sion of Adam, and the knowledge of these arts, when the world teemed with the necessaries of life in proportion to the inhabitants, should afford sufficient time, or present sufficient necessity for this perfection of the arts. We also know that this knowledge was not derived from instinct; if it was, then all mankind must be endowed with a similar instinct, and we should find all savages in possession of them. Nay every man in society should be a builder, a blacksmith, a smelter, a forger, a miner, a compounder of metals, and a brazier, by a similar instinct that the bee is a collector of nectar and pollen, and an elaborator of honey and wax; by a similar instinct that the zoophyte builds his coral structure. We know this not to be true; and are therefore of necessity compelled to believe, that these necessary elements of civilization were communicated by the Almighty to the first inhabitants of the earth. Thus, then, the Zoophytic is the analogue of the Adamic period; and equally typical is the Saurian period of the period from Noah to the subversion of the Roman Empire. It was then, like their great analogues, that war and devastation were the chief glories and occupations of men. The infatuation of universal empire was the ruling passion, from Nimrod to the last of the Emperors; which was not finally subdued until after the overthrow of the Moors by Charles Martel. During this long period of strife and desolation, the Chaldeans, Israelites, and Egyptians, were the chief preservers, and the Greeks and Romans the great embellishers and promoters of civilization and improvement.

The ante-Adamic Mammalian period is typical of the remainder of the historic period, up to the time of Lord Bacon; during which the elements of moral and mental civilization were collecting, and arranging, for the final crown of the whole previous history, by the enthronement of nature instead of hypothesis, and by the establishment of the rights of the people, instead of the government of despotic force-just as the creation of man followed the Mammalian period.

And now mankind are hastening through a period, the type of which is the Adamic period; which we have entered upon for the comparatively short time of about two centuries; and have already accomplished more for the improvement of morals and intellect, and for securing the rights and civilization of man, than was accomplished during all of the preceding periods. Who can imagine the discoveries and improvements yet to be made during this period? Who imagine the state of improvement and civilization which must be reached by all the human species, before the arrival of that period "when the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea?"

The arduous task of preparing for this great and happy event, appears to devolve upon the instrumentality of the Shemitic species. If left to their own unaided exertions the other species will probably remain as they have hitherto continued. We have no reason to hope for much improvement of any of the dark races, without the active exertions of the Shemites, directed in proper channels, in harmo

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with their natures and conditions. Can we fulfil this task without fully understanding all the particulars necessary for its accomplishment? Can we, by any avowals of relationship, of brotherhood, and unity of species, change the natures and conditions of men, and elevate them to our condition? Or should we not study their natures, and apply the proper remedies gradually, regularly, and progressively, precisely in the manner we have been brought to our present conditions? We are evidently destined for the accomplishment of this task. The Turks of Europe and Asia Minor will, probably at no distant day, be driven back to their homes in Central Asia, with such improvements as they have derived by their residence among us. Siberia, China, and India,— Asia is already surrounded and pressed on every side by European influence ;-and what is not accomplished by the philanthropy, must be finished by the cupidity of our species.

Africa, too, poor, degraded, and wretched,-almost too low to excite our cupidity or ambition,-is nevertheless being surrounded by Shemitic influence, by the operation of various causes. It is not the occupation of her northern and southern extremities by European colonists, from which we expect the greatest benefits to her sable inhabitants; but from the colonies of her own children, in the Tropics, whose example can scarcely fail to produce an ef fect upon the wretched inhabitants of the interior.

In this broadcast husbandry of the seed of civilization Oceanica is not forgotten. The Shemites are but instruments in the hands of Him, who, at

the proper time, will quicken the understandings, and excite the desires of those who have for so many ages been slumbering or torpid.

The world of mind is, apparently, on the eve of a new acquisition of new elements. What effect they will produce upon progress, upon development of intellectual power, upon civilization, and the destiny of man, may be seen before many centuries shall have passed. We may hasten, but cannot retard its accomplishment; for "the progressive improvement of man, by increased moral and mental faculties, is a law applicable to human nature, notwithstanding the stationary condition of some, and the retrograde condition of another species."

CHAPTER VI.

THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE, MODE OF LIVING, &c., ΤΟ PRODUCE ORGANIC AND FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES IN MAN.

THAT in our matter of fact day so many ingenious and learned men should attribute such powerful effects to the operations of climate, food, mode of living, and other external causes, as to produce all of the varieties known in the human family, is surprising more particularly as, from our knowledge of the various nations of the globe, all the known facts are decidedly against any such theory. We can only account for such, as it were, wilful blindness, and such a perverse disregard of the inductive method of philosophizing, on the supposition that they believe the subject to be settled by revelation, in its result; and that, however contrary to it the facts may appear, they must be made to conform to it in their conclusions. It did not occur to these gentlemen that they might do more injury than good by forced conclusions;-that it could happen that they might be mistaken in their construction of God's word, as well as in His works. A mind wholly unbiassed in favor of any particular theory, in reviewing the whole subject in connexion with the facts relating to it, is at a loss to see how these facts should be so long overlooked, or disregarded; and is still