The Works of James Harris, Esq

CHAP. V. Subordination of Intelligence-Difference of Ideas, both in particular

Men, and in whole Nations-Different Genius of different Languages-Cha-

racter of the English-the Oriental, the Latin, and the Greek Languages-

Superlative Excellence of the Last-Conclusion

(1775)

PHILOSOPHICAL ARRANGEMENTS.

235

- 247

259

CHAP. I. Introduction-Scope or End of the Inquiry-begins from the Arrange-

ment of simple, or single Terms-Character of these Terms-Nature and

Multitude of the Objects which they represent

CHAP. II. A Method of Arrangement proposed-rejected, and why-another

Method proposed-adopted, and why-General Remarks-Plan of the Whole 255

CHAP. III. Concerning Substance natural-how continued, or carried on-Principles

of this Continuation, two-increased to three-reduced again to two-these

last two, Form and a Subject, or rather, Form and Matter

CHAP. IV. Concerning Matter-an imperfect Description of it-its Nature, and

the Necessity of its Existence, traced out and proved-first by Abstraction—

then by Analogy-Illustrations from Mythology

. 267

CHAP. V. Concerning Form-An imperfect Description of it-Primary Forms,

united with Matter, make Body-Body Mathematical-Body Physical-how

they differ-Essential Forms-Transition to Forms of a Character superior to

the passive and elementary

CHAP. VI. Concerning Form, considered as an Efficient Animating Principle-Har-

mony in Nature between the living and the lifeless-Ovid, a philosophical

Poet-Further Description of the Animating Principle from its Operations,

Energies, and Effects-Virgil-The Active Principle and the Passive Principle

run throngh the Universe-Mind, Region of Forms-Corporeal Connections,

where necessary, where obstructive-Means and Ends-their different Pre-

cedence according to different Systems-Empedocles, Lucretius, Prior, Galen,

Cicero, Aristotle, &c.-Providence

CHAP. VII. Concerning the Properties of Substance, attributed to it in the Peripa-
tetic Logic

CHAP. VIII. Concerning Qualities-corporeal and incorporeal-natural and ac-

quired of Capacity and Completion-Transitions immediate, and through a

medium-Dispositions-Habits-Genius-Primary and imperfect Capacity-

Secondary and perfect-where it is that no Capacities exist-Qualities, pene-

trating and superficial-Essential Form-Figure an important Quality-

Figures intellectual, natural, artificial, fantastic-Colour, Roughness, Smooth-

ness, &c.-Persons of Quality-Properties of Quality-Some rejected, one

admitted, and why

CHAP. IX. Concerning Quantity-its two Species-their Characters-Time and

Place their Characters-Property of Quantity, what-Quantities relative-

Figure and Number, their Effect upon Quantity-Importance of this Effect-

Sciences Mathematical appertain to it-their Use, according to Plato-How

other Beings partake of Quantity-Analogy, found in Mind-Common Sense

and Genius, how distinguished-Amazing efficacy of this Genus in and through

the World-Illustrations

CHAP. X. Concerning Relatives-their Source-Relatives apparent-real-their

Properties, reciprocal-Inference, and Co-existence-Force of Relation in

Ethics-in matters Dramatic-in Nature, and the Order of Being-Relations,

amicable and hostile-Evil-Want-Friendship-Strife-Relation of all to the

Supreme Cause-Extent and Use of this Predicament, or Arrangement -

CHAP. XI. Concerning Action and Passion-Action, its five Species-those of

Passion reciprocate-Mind Divine, Human-latter, how acted upon-Politics,

Economics, Ethics-Passivity in Bodies animate and inanimate-Action and

Re-action, where they exist, where not-Self-motion, what, and where-Power,

whence, and what-requisite both in Action and in Passion-Power, though

like Nonentity, yet widely different-Double in the reasoning Faculty-

Power, not first in Existence, but Energy, which never has ceased, or will cease,

or can cease

CHAP. XII. Concerning When and Where-Concerning Time and Place, and their

Definitions-When and Where, how distinguished from Time and Place, how

connected with them-Descriptions of When and Where-their Utility and

Importance in human Life-Various Terms, denoting these two Predicaments

-others denoting them not, yet made to denote them-When and Where,

their extensive influence-plausible Topics-concurring Causes-Opportunity,

what-Chance, what it is not, what it is-Fate, Providence-cooperating

Causes Supreme Intelligence

CHAP. XIII. Concerning Position or Situation-What it is, and how deduced--

how it exists in Beings inanimate-in Vegetables-in Man-animal Progres-

sion-Works of Art-Attitudes-Illustrations of Attitude-from Poets-from

Actors-from Orators-its Efficacy, whence-Position, among the Elements of

Democritus-its Influence and Importance in the natural World-in the

intellectual

CHAP. XIV. Concerning Habit, or rather the being habited-Its Description-its

principal Species deduced and illustrated-its Privation-Conclusion of the

second or middle part of the Treatise

CHAP. XV. Concerning the Appendages to the Universal Genera or Arrangements;

that is to say, concerning Opposites, prior, subsequent, together or at once,

and Motion, usually called Post-Predicaments-the Modes or Species of all

these (Motion excepted) deduced and illustrated-Preparation for the Theory

CHAP. XVI. Concerning Motion Physical-Its various Species deduced and illus-

trated-blend themselves with each other, and why-Contrariety, Opposition,

Rest-Motion Physical-an Object of all the senses-Common Objects of

Sensation, how many-Motion, a thing not simple, but complicated with many

other Things-its Definition or Description taken from the Peripatetics-the

Accounts given of it by Pythagoras and Plato analogous to that of Aristotle,

and why

CHAP. XVII. Concerning Motion Not-physical-This means Metaphysical, and why

so called-Spontaneity-Want-Perception, Consciousness, Anticipation, Pre-

conception-Appetite, Resentment, Reason-Motion Physical and Metaphy-

sical, how united-Discord and Harmony of the internal Principles-Powers

vegetative, animal, rational-Immortality-Rest, its several Species-Motion,

to what perceptive Beings it appertains; to what not-and whence the Difference 367

CHAP. XVIII. Conclusion--Utilities deducible from the Theory of these Arrange-
ments-Recapitulation

PHILOLOGICAL INQUIRIES. (1784)

PART I.

381

388

CHAP. I. Concerning the Rise of Criticism in its first Species, the Philosophical-

eminent Persons, Greeks and Romans, by whom this Species was cultivated

CHAP. II. Concerning the Progress of Criticism in its second Species, the Historical

-Greek and Roman Critics, by whom this Species of Criticism was cultivated 391

CHAP. III. Moderns, eminent in the two Species of Criticism before mentioned, the

Philosophical and the Historical-the last Sort of Critics more numerous-

those mentioned in this Chapter confined to the Greek and Latin Languages 392

CHAP. IV. Modern Critics of the Explanatory kind, commenting Modern Writers

-Lexicographers-Grammarians-Translators

CHAP. V. Rise of the third Species of Criticism, the Corrective-practised by the

Ancients, but much more by the Moderns, and why

394

396

CHAP. VI. Criticism may have been abused-Yet defended, as of the last Import-

ance to the Cause of Literature -

CHAP. VII. Conclusion-Recapitulation-Preparation for the Second Part

CHAP. I. That the Epic Writers came first, and that nothing excellent in Literary

Performances happens merely from Chance-the Causes, or Reasons of such

Excellence, illustrated by Examples

CHAP. II. Numerous Composition-derived from Quantity Syllabic-anciently es-

sential both to Verse and Prose-Rhythm-Paans and Cretics, the Feet for

Prose-Quantity Accentual-a Degeneracy from Syllabic-Instances of it—

first in Latin-then in Greek-Versus Politici--Traces of Accentual Quantity

in Terence essential to Modern Languages, and among others to English,

from which last Examples are taken

CHAP. III. Quantity Verbal in English-a few Feet pure, and agreeable to Syllabic

Quantity Instances-yet Accentual Quantity prevalent-Instances-Transi-

tion to Prose-English Paans, Instances of Rhythm governs Quantity, where

this last is Accentual

CHAP. IV. Other Decorations of Prose besides Prosaic Feet-Alliteration-Sen-
tences-Periods-Caution to avoid excess in consecutive Monosyllables- Ob-
jections made and answered-Authorities alleged-Advice about reading

CHAP. V. Concerning Whole and Parts, as essential to the constituting of a legi-

timate Work-the Theory illustrated from the Georgics of Virgil, and the

Menexenus of Plato-same Theory applied to smaller Pieces-Totality, essen-

tial to small Works, as well as great-Examples to illustrate-Accuracy,

another Essential-more so to smaller Pieces, and why-Transition to Dramatic

Speculation

- 420

CHAP. VI. Dramatic Speculations-the constitutive Parts of every Drama, Six in

number-which of these belong to other Artists-which to the Poet-Transi-

tion to those which appertain to the Poet

CHAP. VII. In the constitutive Parts of a Drama, the Fable considered first-its

different Species-which fit for Comedy, which for Tragedy-Illustrations by

Examples-Revolutions-Discoveries-Tragic Passions-Lillo's Fatal Cu-

riosity compared with the Edipus Tyrannus of Sophocles-Importance of

Fables, both Tragic and Comic-how they differ-bad Fables, whence-other

Dramatic Requisites, without the Fable, may be excellent-Fifth Acts, how

characterized by some Dramatic Writers

CHAP. VIII. Concerning Dramatic Manners-what constitutes them-Manners of

Othello, Macbeth, Hamlet-those of the last questioned, and why-Consistency

required-yet sometimes blameable, and why-Genuine Manners in Shak-

speare-in Lillo-Manners, morally bad, poetically good

CHAP. IX. Concerning Dramatic Sentiment-what constitutes it-Connected with

Manners, and how-Concerning Sentiment Gnomologic, or Preceptive-its

Description Sometimes has a Reason annexed to it-Sometimes laudable,

sometimes blameable-whom it most becomes to utter Sentences- Bossu-

Transition to Diction

CHAP. X. Concerning Diction-the vulgar-the affected-the elegant-this last

much indebted to the Metaphor-Praise of the Metaphor-its Description;

and, when good, its Character-the best and most excellent, what—not turgid

-nor enigmatic-nor base-nor ridiculous-Instances-Metaphors by constant

Use sometimes become common Words-Puns-Rupilius Rex-OTTI-

Enigmas-Cupping-The God Terminus-Ovid's Fasti

CHAP. XI. Rank and Precedence of the constitutive parts of the Drama-Remarks

and Cautions both for Judging and Composing

CHAP. XII. Rules defended-do not cramp Genius, but guide it-flattering Doc-

trine, that Genius will suffice-fallacious, and why-further defence of Rules

-No Genius ever acted without them; nor ever a Time when Rules did not

exist-Connection between Rules and Genius-their reciprocal Aid-End of

the Second Part-Preparation for the Third

CHAP. L Design of the whole-Limits and Extent of the Middle Age-Three

Classes of Men, during that Interval, conspicuous: the Byzantine Greeks;

the Saracens, or Arabians; and the Latins, or Franks, Inhabitants of Western

Europe-Each Class in the following Chapters considered apart

CHAP. II. Concerning the first Class, the Byzantine Greeks-Simplicius-Am-

monius-Philoponus-Fate of the fine Library at Alexandria

CHAP. III. Digression to a short Historical Account of Athens, from the Time of her

Persian Triumphs, to that of her becoming subject to the Turks-Sketch, during

this long Interval, of her Political and Literary State; of her Philosophers; of

her Gymnasia; of her good and bad Fortune, &c.-Manners of the present In-

habitants-Olives and Honey

CHAP. IV. Account of Byzantine Scholars continued-Suidas-John Stobæus, or of

Stoba-Photius-Michael Psellus-this last said to have commented twenty-

four Plays of Menander-Reasons to make this probable-Eustathius, a

Bishop, the Commentator of Homer-Eustratius, a Bishop, the Commentator

Aristotle-Planudes, a Monk, the Admirer and Translator of Latin Classics,

as well as the Compiler of one of the present Greek Anthologies-Conjecturer

concerning the Duration of the Latin Tongue at Constantinople

CHAP. V. Nicetas, the Choniate-His curious Narrative of the Mischiefs done by

Baldwyn's Crusade, when they sacked Constantinople in the Year 1205-

Many of the Statues described, which they then destroyed-A fine Taste for

Arts among the Greeks, even in those Days, proved from this Narrative-not

so among the Crusaders-Authenticity of Nicetas's Narrative--State of Con-

stantinople at the last Period of the Grecian Empire, as given by contemporary

Writers, Philelphus and Æneas Sylvius-National Pride among the Greeks

not totally extinct even at this day

CHAP. VI. Concerning the second Class of Geniuses during the Middle Age, the

Arabians, or Saracens-At first, barbarous-Their Character before the time of

Mahomet Their greatest Caliphs were from among the Abassida-Almanzur

one of the first of that Race-Almamun of the same Race, a great Patron of

Learning, and learned Men-Arabians cultivated Letters, as their Empire grew

settled and established-Translated the best Greek Authors into their own

Language Historians, Abulpharagius, Abulfeda, Bohadin-Extracts from the

last concerning Saladin

CHAP. VII. Arabian Poetry and Works of Invention-Facts relative to their Man-

ners and Characters -

CHAP. VIII. Arabians favoured Medicine and Astrology-Facts relative to these

two subjects-They valued Knowledge, but had no Ideas of Civil Liberty-The

mean Exit of their last Caliph, Mostasem--End of their Empire in Asia, and

in Spain-Their present wretched degeneracy in Africa-An Anecdote -

CHAP. IX. Concerning the Latins, or Franks-Bede, Alcuin, Joannes Erigena, &c.

-Gerbertus, or Gibertus, travelled to the Arabians in Spain for improvement-

Suspected of Magic-this the Misfortune of many superior Geniuses in Dark

Ages; of Bacon, Petrarch, Faust, and others-Erudition of the Church; Ig-

norance of the Laity-Ingulphus, an Englishman, educated in the Court of

Edward the Confessor-attached himself to the Duke of Normandy-Accom-

plished Character of Queen Egitha, Wife of the Confessor-Plan of Education

in those Days-The Places of Study, the Authors studied-Canon Law, Civil

Law, Holy War, Inquisition-Troubadours-William of Poictou-Debauchery,

Corruption, and Avarice of the Times-William the Conqueror, his Character

and Taste-His Sons, Rufus and Henry-little Incidents concerning them—

Hildebert, a Poet of the Times-fine Verses of his quoted
- 497

CHAP. X. Schoolmen-their Rise and Character-their Titles of Honour Remarks

on such Titles-Abelard and Heloisa-John of Salisbury-admirable Quota-

tions from his two celebrated Works-Giraldus Cambrensis-Walter Mapps

-Richard Coeur de Leon-his Transactions with Saladin-his Death, and the

singular Interview which immediately preceded it

507

CHAP. XI. Concerning the Poetry of the latter Latins, or Western Europeans-

Accentual Quantity-Rhyme-Samples of Rhyme in Latin-in Classical Poets,

accidental; in those of a later Age, designed-Rhyme among the Arabians—

Odilo, Hucbaldus, Hildigrim, Halabaldus, Poets or Heroes of Western

Europe-Rhymes in Modern Languages-of Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio,

Chaucer, &c.-Sannazarius, a pure Writer in Classic Latin, without Rhyme-

Anagrams, Chronograms, &c., finely and accurately described by the ingenious

Author of the Scribleriad

CHAP. XII. Paul the Venetian and Sir John Mandeville, great Travellers-Sir

John Fortescue, a great Lawyer-his valuable Book addressed to his Pupil

the Prince of Wales-King's College Chapel in Cambridge Founded by Henry

the Sixth

CHAP. XIII. Concerning Natural Beauty-its Idea the same in all Times-Thes

salian Temple-Taste of Virgil and Horace-of Milton, in describing Paradise

-exhibited of late Years, first in Pictures-thence transferred to English

Gardens-not wanting to the enlightened Few of the Middle Age-proved in

Leland, Petrarch, and Sannazarius-Comparison between the younger Cyrus

and Philip le Bel of France

CHAP. XIV. Superior Literature and Knowledge both of the Greek and Latin

Clergy, whence-Barbarity and Ignorance of the Laity, whence-Samples of

Lay-manners, in a Story from Anna Comnena's History-Church Authority

ingeniously employed to check Barbarity-the same Authority employed for

other good Purposes-to save the poor Jews-to stop Trials by Battle-more

-different Causes assigned-Inventions during the Dark Ages-great, though

the Inventors often unknown-Inference arising from these Inventions -

CHAP. XV. Opinions on past Ages and the present-Conclusion arising from the

Discussion of these Opinions-Conclusion of the whole

APPENDIX.

PART I.

AN Account of the Arabic Manuscripts belonging to the Escurial Library in

Spain

515

521.

525

529

533

540

PART II.

Concerning the Manuscripts of Livy, in the Escurial Library

PART III.

Greck Manuscripts of Cebes, in the Library of the King of France

PART IV.

544

545

Some Account of Literature in Russia, and of its Progress towards being Civilized 546

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