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BOOK III.
CHAP. I. Introduction-Division of the Subject into its principal Parts
CHAP. II. Upon the Matter or common Subject of Language
CHAP. III. Upon the Form, or peculiar Character of Language
CHAP. IV. Concerning general or universal Ideas
CHAP. V. Subordination of Intelligence-Difference of Ideas, both in particular
Men, and in whole Nations-Different Genius of different Languages-Cha-
racter of the English-the Oriental, the Latin, and the Greek Languages-
Superlative Excellence of the Last-Conclusion
(1775)
PHILOSOPHICAL ARRANGEMENTS.
-
235
- 247
259
CHAP. I. Introduction-Scope or End of the Inquiry-begins from the Arrange-
ment of simple, or single Terms-Character of these Terms-Nature and
Multitude of the Objects which they represent
CHAP. II. A Method of Arrangement proposed-rejected, and why-another
Method proposed-adopted, and why-General Remarks-Plan of the Whole 255
CHAP. III. Concerning Substance natural-how continued, or carried on-Principles
of this Continuation, two-increased to three-reduced again to two-these
last two, Form and a Subject, or rather, Form and Matter
CHAP. IV. Concerning Matter-an imperfect Description of it-its Nature, and
the Necessity of its Existence, traced out and proved-first by Abstraction—
then by Analogy-Illustrations from Mythology
. 267
CHAP. V. Concerning Form-An imperfect Description of it-Primary Forms,
united with Matter, make Body-Body Mathematical-Body Physical-how
they differ-Essential Forms-Transition to Forms of a Character superior to
the passive and elementary
CHAP. VI. Concerning Form, considered as an Efficient Animating Principle-Har-
mony in Nature between the living and the lifeless-Ovid, a philosophical
Poet-Further Description of the Animating Principle from its Operations,
Energies, and Effects-Virgil-The Active Principle and the Passive Principle
run throngh the Universe-Mind, Region of Forms-Corporeal Connections,
where necessary, where obstructive-Means and Ends-their different Pre-
cedence according to different Systems-Empedocles, Lucretius, Prior, Galen,
Cicero, Aristotle, &c.-Providence
CHAP. VII. Concerning the Properties of Substance, attributed to it in the Peripa- tetic Logic
CHAP. VIII. Concerning Qualities-corporeal and incorporeal-natural and ac-
quired of Capacity and Completion-Transitions immediate, and through a
medium-Dispositions-Habits-Genius-Primary and imperfect Capacity-
Secondary and perfect-where it is that no Capacities exist-Qualities, pene-
trating and superficial-Essential Form-Figure an important Quality-
Figures intellectual, natural, artificial, fantastic-Colour, Roughness, Smooth-
ness, &c.-Persons of Quality-Properties of Quality-Some rejected, one
admitted, and why
CHAP. IX. Concerning Quantity-its two Species-their Characters-Time and
Place their Characters-Property of Quantity, what-Quantities relative-
Figure and Number, their Effect upon Quantity-Importance of this Effect-
Sciences Mathematical appertain to it-their Use, according to Plato-How
other Beings partake of Quantity-Analogy, found in Mind-Common Sense
and Genius, how distinguished-Amazing efficacy of this Genus in and through
the World-Illustrations
CHAP. X. Concerning Relatives-their Source-Relatives apparent-real-their
Properties, reciprocal-Inference, and Co-existence-Force of Relation in
Ethics-in matters Dramatic-in Nature, and the Order of Being-Relations,
amicable and hostile-Evil-Want-Friendship-Strife-Relation of all to the
Supreme Cause-Extent and Use of this Predicament, or Arrangement -
273
276
288
291
302
- 311
CHAP. XI. Concerning Action and Passion-Action, its five Species-those of
Passion reciprocate-Mind Divine, Human-latter, how acted upon-Politics,
Economics, Ethics-Passivity in Bodies animate and inanimate-Action and
Re-action, where they exist, where not-Self-motion, what, and where-Power,
whence, and what-requisite both in Action and in Passion-Power, though
like Nonentity, yet widely different-Double in the reasoning Faculty-
Power, not first in Existence, but Energy, which never has ceased, or will cease,
or can cease
CHAP. XII. Concerning When and Where-Concerning Time and Place, and their
Definitions-When and Where, how distinguished from Time and Place, how
connected with them-Descriptions of When and Where-their Utility and
Importance in human Life-Various Terms, denoting these two Predicaments
-others denoting them not, yet made to denote them-When and Where,
their extensive influence-plausible Topics-concurring Causes-Opportunity,
what-Chance, what it is not, what it is-Fate, Providence-cooperating
Causes Supreme Intelligence
CHAP. XIII. Concerning Position or Situation-What it is, and how deduced--
how it exists in Beings inanimate-in Vegetables-in Man-animal Progres-
sion-Works of Art-Attitudes-Illustrations of Attitude-from Poets-from
Actors-from Orators-its Efficacy, whence-Position, among the Elements of
Democritus-its Influence and Importance in the natural World-in the
intellectual
CHAP. XIV. Concerning Habit, or rather the being habited-Its Description-its
principal Species deduced and illustrated-its Privation-Conclusion of the
second or middle part of the Treatise
CHAP. XV. Concerning the Appendages to the Universal Genera or Arrangements;
that is to say, concerning Opposites, prior, subsequent, together or at once,
and Motion, usually called Post-Predicaments-the Modes or Species of all
these (Motion excepted) deduced and illustrated-Preparation for the Theory
of Motion
323
335
342
351
354
360
CHAP. XVI. Concerning Motion Physical-Its various Species deduced and illus-
trated-blend themselves with each other, and why-Contrariety, Opposition,
Rest-Motion Physical-an Object of all the senses-Common Objects of
Sensation, how many-Motion, a thing not simple, but complicated with many
other Things-its Definition or Description taken from the Peripatetics-the
Accounts given of it by Pythagoras and Plato analogous to that of Aristotle,
and why
CHAP. XVII. Concerning Motion Not-physical-This means Metaphysical, and why
so called-Spontaneity-Want-Perception, Consciousness, Anticipation, Pre-
conception-Appetite, Resentment, Reason-Motion Physical and Metaphy-
sical, how united-Discord and Harmony of the internal Principles-Powers
vegetative, animal, rational-Immortality-Rest, its several Species-Motion,
to what perceptive Beings it appertains; to what not-and whence the Difference 367
CHAP. XVIII. Conclusion--Utilities deducible from the Theory of these Arrange- ments-Recapitulation
PHILOLOGICAL INQUIRIES. (1784)
PART I.
381
388
CHAP. I. Concerning the Rise of Criticism in its first Species, the Philosophical-
eminent Persons, Greeks and Romans, by whom this Species was cultivated
CHAP. II. Concerning the Progress of Criticism in its second Species, the Historical
-Greek and Roman Critics, by whom this Species of Criticism was cultivated 391
CHAP. III. Moderns, eminent in the two Species of Criticism before mentioned, the
Philosophical and the Historical-the last Sort of Critics more numerous-
those mentioned in this Chapter confined to the Greek and Latin Languages 392
CHAP. IV. Modern Critics of the Explanatory kind, commenting Modern Writers
-Lexicographers-Grammarians-Translators
CHAP. V. Rise of the third Species of Criticism, the Corrective-practised by the
Ancients, but much more by the Moderns, and why
394
396
CHAP. VI. Criticism may have been abused-Yet defended, as of the last Import-
ance to the Cause of Literature -
CHAP. VII. Conclusion-Recapitulation-Preparation for the Second Part
PART II.
397
- 399
INTRODUCTION
CHAP. I. That the Epic Writers came first, and that nothing excellent in Literary
Performances happens merely from Chance-the Causes, or Reasons of such
Excellence, illustrated by Examples
CHAP. II. Numerous Composition-derived from Quantity Syllabic-anciently es-
sential both to Verse and Prose-Rhythm-Paans and Cretics, the Feet for
Prose-Quantity Accentual-a Degeneracy from Syllabic-Instances of it—
first in Latin-then in Greek-Versus Politici--Traces of Accentual Quantity
in Terence essential to Modern Languages, and among others to English,
from which last Examples are taken
400
405
411
414
CHAP. III. Quantity Verbal in English-a few Feet pure, and agreeable to Syllabic
Quantity Instances-yet Accentual Quantity prevalent-Instances-Transi-
tion to Prose-English Paans, Instances of Rhythm governs Quantity, where
this last is Accentual
CHAP. IV. Other Decorations of Prose besides Prosaic Feet-Alliteration-Sen- tences-Periods-Caution to avoid excess in consecutive Monosyllables- Ob- jections made and answered-Authorities alleged-Advice about reading
CHAP. V. Concerning Whole and Parts, as essential to the constituting of a legi-
timate Work-the Theory illustrated from the Georgics of Virgil, and the
Menexenus of Plato-same Theory applied to smaller Pieces-Totality, essen-
tial to small Works, as well as great-Examples to illustrate-Accuracy,
another Essential-more so to smaller Pieces, and why-Transition to Dramatic
Speculation
- 420
CHAP. VI. Dramatic Speculations-the constitutive Parts of every Drama, Six in
number-which of these belong to other Artists-which to the Poet-Transi-
tion to those which appertain to the Poet
CHAP. VII. In the constitutive Parts of a Drama, the Fable considered first-its
different Species-which fit for Comedy, which for Tragedy-Illustrations by
Examples-Revolutions-Discoveries-Tragic Passions-Lillo's Fatal Cu-
riosity compared with the Edipus Tyrannus of Sophocles-Importance of
Fables, both Tragic and Comic-how they differ-bad Fables, whence-other
Dramatic Requisites, without the Fable, may be excellent-Fifth Acts, how
characterized by some Dramatic Writers
CHAP. VIII. Concerning Dramatic Manners-what constitutes them-Manners of
Othello, Macbeth, Hamlet-those of the last questioned, and why-Consistency
required-yet sometimes blameable, and why-Genuine Manners in Shak-
speare-in Lillo-Manners, morally bad, poetically good
CHAP. IX. Concerning Dramatic Sentiment-what constitutes it-Connected with
Manners, and how-Concerning Sentiment Gnomologic, or Preceptive-its
Description Sometimes has a Reason annexed to it-Sometimes laudable,
sometimes blameable-whom it most becomes to utter Sentences- Bossu-
Transition to Diction
CHAP. X. Concerning Diction-the vulgar-the affected-the elegant-this last
much indebted to the Metaphor-Praise of the Metaphor-its Description;
and, when good, its Character-the best and most excellent, what—not turgid
-nor enigmatic-nor base-nor ridiculous-Instances-Metaphors by constant
Use sometimes become common Words-Puns-Rupilius Rex-OTTI-
Enigmas-Cupping-The God Terminus-Ovid's Fasti
CHAP. XI. Rank and Precedence of the constitutive parts of the Drama-Remarks
and Cautions both for Judging and Composing
CHAP. XII. Rules defended-do not cramp Genius, but guide it-flattering Doc-
trine, that Genius will suffice-fallacious, and why-further defence of Rules
-No Genius ever acted without them; nor ever a Time when Rules did not
exist-Connection between Rules and Genius-their reciprocal Aid-End of
the Second Part-Preparation for the Third
426
428
434
436
439
445
448
PART III.
CHAP. L Design of the whole-Limits and Extent of the Middle Age-Three
Classes of Men, during that Interval, conspicuous: the Byzantine Greeks;
the Saracens, or Arabians; and the Latins, or Franks, Inhabitants of Western
Europe-Each Class in the following Chapters considered apart
CHAP. II. Concerning the first Class, the Byzantine Greeks-Simplicius-Am-
monius-Philoponus-Fate of the fine Library at Alexandria
CHAP. III. Digression to a short Historical Account of Athens, from the Time of her
Persian Triumphs, to that of her becoming subject to the Turks-Sketch, during
this long Interval, of her Political and Literary State; of her Philosophers; of
her Gymnasia; of her good and bad Fortune, &c.-Manners of the present In-
habitants-Olives and Honey
CHAP. IV. Account of Byzantine Scholars continued-Suidas-John Stobæus, or of
Stoba-Photius-Michael Psellus-this last said to have commented twenty-
four Plays of Menander-Reasons to make this probable-Eustathius, a
Bishop, the Commentator of Homer-Eustratius, a Bishop, the Commentator
Aristotle-Planudes, a Monk, the Admirer and Translator of Latin Classics,
as well as the Compiler of one of the present Greek Anthologies-Conjecturer
concerning the Duration of the Latin Tongue at Constantinople
of
CHAP. V. Nicetas, the Choniate-His curious Narrative of the Mischiefs done by
Baldwyn's Crusade, when they sacked Constantinople in the Year 1205-
Many of the Statues described, which they then destroyed-A fine Taste for
Arts among the Greeks, even in those Days, proved from this Narrative-not
so among the Crusaders-Authenticity of Nicetas's Narrative--State of Con-
stantinople at the last Period of the Grecian Empire, as given by contemporary
Writers, Philelphus and Æneas Sylvius-National Pride among the Greeks
not totally extinct even at this day
CHAP. VI. Concerning the second Class of Geniuses during the Middle Age, the
Arabians, or Saracens-At first, barbarous-Their Character before the time of
Mahomet Their greatest Caliphs were from among the Abassida-Almanzur
one of the first of that Race-Almamun of the same Race, a great Patron of
Learning, and learned Men-Arabians cultivated Letters, as their Empire grew
settled and established-Translated the best Greek Authors into their own
Language Historians, Abulpharagius, Abulfeda, Bohadin-Extracts from the
last concerning Saladin
CHAP. VII. Arabian Poetry and Works of Invention-Facts relative to their Man-
ners and Characters -
454
456
459
468
472
478
484
492
CHAP. VIII. Arabians favoured Medicine and Astrology-Facts relative to these
two subjects-They valued Knowledge, but had no Ideas of Civil Liberty-The
mean Exit of their last Caliph, Mostasem--End of their Empire in Asia, and
in Spain-Their present wretched degeneracy in Africa-An Anecdote -
CHAP. IX. Concerning the Latins, or Franks-Bede, Alcuin, Joannes Erigena, &c.
-Gerbertus, or Gibertus, travelled to the Arabians in Spain for improvement-
Suspected of Magic-this the Misfortune of many superior Geniuses in Dark
Ages; of Bacon, Petrarch, Faust, and others-Erudition of the Church; Ig-
norance of the Laity-Ingulphus, an Englishman, educated in the Court of
Edward the Confessor-attached himself to the Duke of Normandy-Accom-
plished Character of Queen Egitha, Wife of the Confessor-Plan of Education
in those Days-The Places of Study, the Authors studied-Canon Law, Civil
Law, Holy War, Inquisition-Troubadours-William of Poictou-Debauchery,
Corruption, and Avarice of the Times-William the Conqueror, his Character
and Taste-His Sons, Rufus and Henry-little Incidents concerning them—
Hildebert, a Poet of the Times-fine Verses of his quoted - 497
CHAP. X. Schoolmen-their Rise and Character-their Titles of Honour Remarks
on such Titles-Abelard and Heloisa-John of Salisbury-admirable Quota-
tions from his two celebrated Works-Giraldus Cambrensis-Walter Mapps
-Richard Coeur de Leon-his Transactions with Saladin-his Death, and the
singular Interview which immediately preceded it
507
CHAP. XI. Concerning the Poetry of the latter Latins, or Western Europeans-
Accentual Quantity-Rhyme-Samples of Rhyme in Latin-in Classical Poets,
b
accidental; in those of a later Age, designed-Rhyme among the Arabians—
Odilo, Hucbaldus, Hildigrim, Halabaldus, Poets or Heroes of Western
Europe-Rhymes in Modern Languages-of Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio,
Chaucer, &c.-Sannazarius, a pure Writer in Classic Latin, without Rhyme-
Anagrams, Chronograms, &c., finely and accurately described by the ingenious
Author of the Scribleriad
CHAP. XII. Paul the Venetian and Sir John Mandeville, great Travellers-Sir
John Fortescue, a great Lawyer-his valuable Book addressed to his Pupil
the Prince of Wales-King's College Chapel in Cambridge Founded by Henry
the Sixth
CHAP. XIII. Concerning Natural Beauty-its Idea the same in all Times-Thes
salian Temple-Taste of Virgil and Horace-of Milton, in describing Paradise
-exhibited of late Years, first in Pictures-thence transferred to English
Gardens-not wanting to the enlightened Few of the Middle Age-proved in
Leland, Petrarch, and Sannazarius-Comparison between the younger Cyrus
and Philip le Bel of France
CHAP. XIV. Superior Literature and Knowledge both of the Greek and Latin
Clergy, whence-Barbarity and Ignorance of the Laity, whence-Samples of
Lay-manners, in a Story from Anna Comnena's History-Church Authority
ingeniously employed to check Barbarity-the same Authority employed for
other good Purposes-to save the poor Jews-to stop Trials by Battle-more
suggested concerning Lay-manners-Ferocity of the Northern Laymen, whence
-different Causes assigned-Inventions during the Dark Ages-great, though
the Inventors often unknown-Inference arising from these Inventions -
CHAP. XV. Opinions on past Ages and the present-Conclusion arising from the
Discussion of these Opinions-Conclusion of the whole
APPENDIX.
AN Account of the Arabic Manuscripts belonging to the Escurial Library in
Spain
515
521.
525
529
533
540
Concerning the Manuscripts of Livy, in the Escurial Library
Greck Manuscripts of Cebes, in the Library of the King of France
PART IV.
544
545
Some Account of Literature in Russia, and of its Progress towards being Civilized 546