Sharp, and Dr. Moore) are at this time upon our bench; and I am sure will bear witness to the truth of my relation. The design was in short this: to improve, and, if possible, to inforce our discipline; to review and enlarge our Liturgy, by correcting of some things, by adding of others; and if it should be thought adviseable by authority, when this matter should come to be legally considered, first in convocation, then in parliament, by leaving some few ceremonies, confessed to be indifferent in their natures as indifferent in their usage, so as not to be necessarily observed by those who made a scruple of them, till they should be able to overcome either their weaknesses or prejudices, and be willing to comply with them." In October, accompanied with eight of his brethren the bishops, Sancroft waited upon the king, who had desired the assistance of their counsels; and advised him, among other things, to annul the ecclesiastical commission, to desist from the exercise of a dispensing power, and to call a free and regular parliament. A few days after, though earnestly pressed by his majesty, he refused to sign a declaration of abhorrence of the prince of Orange's invasion. In December, on king James's withdrawing himself, he is said to have signed, and concurred with the lords spiritual and temporal, in a declaration to the prince of Orange, for a free parJiament, security of our laws, liberties, properties, and of the church of England in particular, with a due indulgence to protestant dissenters. But in a declaration signed by him Nov. 3, 1688, he says that "he never gave the prince any invitation by word, writing, or otherwise;" it must therefore have been in consequence of the abdication that he joined with the lords in the above declaration. Yet when the prince came to St. James's, the archbishop neither went to wait on him, though he had once agreed to it, nor did he even send any message *. He absented himself likewise from the convention, for which he is severely censured by Burnet, who calls him "a poor-spirited and fearful man, that acted a very mean part in all this

*Bishop Nicolson, in one of his letters lately published, seems to hint that Sancroft was more active in promoting the revolution than has been supposed. After censuring him for not paying his respects to the new king, Nicolson says, "I should rather choose to follow him in the more frank and open passages of his life, than in this

great trans

unaccountably dark and mysterious instance; especially, since I had tacitly consented to his seizing the Tower of London, and his address to the prince of Orange to accept the government."

Nicolson's Epistolary Correspondence, by Mr. Nichols, 2 vols. 8vo, 1809. vol, I. p. 11.

action. He resolved," says he, "neither to act for, nor against, the king's interest; which, considering his high post, was thought very unbecoming. For, if he thought, as by his behaviour afterwards it seems he did, that the nation was running into treason, rebellion, and perjury, it was a strange thing to see one who was at the head of the church to sit silent all the while that this was in debate, and not once so much as declare his opinion, by speaking, voting, or protesting, not to mention the other ecclesiastical methods that certainly became his character."

After William and Mary were settled on the throne, he and seven other bishops refused to own the established government, from a conscientious regard to the allegiance they had sworn to king James. Refusing likewise to take the oaths appointed by act of parliament, he and they were suspended Aug. 1, 1689, and deprived the 1st of Feb. following. On the nomination of Dr. Tillotson to this see, April 23, 1691, our archbishop received an order from the then queen Mary, May 20, to leave Lambethhouse within ten days. But he, resolving not to stir till ejected by law, was cited to appear before the barons of the exchequer on the first day of Trinity-term, June 12, 1691, to answer a writ of intrusion; when he appeared by his attorney; but, avoiding to put in any plea, as the case stood, judgment passed against him, in the form of law, June 23, and the same evening he took boat in Lambethbridge, and went to a private house in Palsgrave-headcourt, near the Temple. Thence, on Aug. 5, 1691, he retired to Fresingfield (the place of his birth, and the estate [50%. a year] and residence of his ancestors above three hundred years), where he lived in a very private manner, till, being seized with an intermitting fever, Aug. 26, 1693, he died on Friday morning, Nov. 24, and was buried very privately, as he himself had ordered, in Fresingfield churchyard. Soon after, a tomb was erected over his grave, with an inscription composed by himself; on the right side of which there is an account of his age and dying-day in Latin; on the left, the following English: "William Sancroft, born in this parish, afterwards by the providence of God archbishop of Canterbury, at last deprived of all, which he could not keep with a good conscience, returned hither to end his life, and professeth here at the foot of his tomb, that, as naked he came forth, so naked he must return the Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away (as the

Lord pleases, so things come to pass), blessed be the name of the Lord." The character Burnet has given of him is not an amiable one, nor in some respects a true one*, yet he allows, what none could deny, that archbishop Sancroft was a good man. He bestowed great sums of money in charity and endowments, and was particularly bountiful to Emanuel college in Cambridge: and he certainly gave the strongest instance possible of sincerity, in sacrificing the highest dignity to what he thought truth and honesty; and although his opposition both to James II. and William III. may appear rather irreconcileable, we have the testimony of those who knew him best, that he did every thing in the integrity of his heart +.

1

Though of considerable abilities and uncommon learning, he published but very little. The first thing was a Latin dialogue, composed jointly by himself and some of his friends, between a preacher and a thief condemued to the gallows; and is entitled, 1. "Fur Prædestinatus; sive, dialogismus inter quendam Ordinis prædicantium Calvinistam et Furem ad laqueum damnatum habitus," &c. 1651, 12mo. It was levelled at the then-prevailing doctrine of predestination. An edition was published in 1813; and a translation in the following year, by the rev. Robert Boucher Nickolls, dean of Middleham, with an application to the case of R. Kendall executed at Northampton Aug. 13, 1813. 2. "Modern Politics, taken from Machiavel, Borgia, and other modern authors, by an eye-witness," 1652, 12mo. 3. "Three Sermons," afterwards re-printed together in 1694, 8vo. 4. He published bishop Andrews's "Defence of the vulgar Translation of the Bible," with a preface of his own. 5. He drew up some offices for Jan.

* Burnet was out of humour with the archbishop for not procuring him access to the Cotton collection when he was preparing his History of the Reformation; but on this subject see a curious note on Dean Swift's "Preface to the bishop of Sarum's Introduction." -Works, edit. 1801, p. 384.

+ Some particulars of his sickness are related in a pamphlet printed at London, 1694, in 4to, with this title: "A Letter out of Suffolk to a friend in London; giving some account of the last sickness and death of Dr. William Sancroft, late lord archbishop of Canterbury." We are informed by bishop Kennet, that as he lay upon his death

bed, and one of his former chaplains, Mr. Needham, came to him, he gave him his blessing very affectionately, and, after some other talk, said thus to him, "You and I have gone different ways in these late affairs; but I trust heaven-gates are wide enough to receive us both. What I have done, I have done in the integrity of my heart." Upon the gentleman's modest attempt to give an account of his own conduct, he replied, "I always took you for an honest man. What I said concerning myself was only to let you know, that what I have done, I have done in the integrity of my heart, indeed in the great integrity of my heart,"

30, and May 29. 6. "Nineteen familiar Letters of his to Mr. (afterwards sir Henry) North, of Mildenhall, bart. both before, but principally after, his deprivation, for refusing to take the oaths to king William III. and his retirement to the place of his nativity in Suffolk, found among the papers of the said sir Henry North, never before published," were printed in 1757, 8vo. In this small collection of the archbishop's "Familiar Letters," none of which were probably ever designed to be made public, his talents for epistolary writing appear to great advantage. He left behind him a multitude of papers and collections in MS. which upon his decease came into his nephew's hands; after whose death they were purchased by bishop Tanner for eighty guineas, who gave them, with the rest of his manuscripts, to the Bodleian library, From these the Rev. John Gutch, of Oxford, published in 1781, 2 vols. 8vo, various "Miscellaneous Tracts relating to the History and Antiquities of England and Ireland," &c.1

SANCTIUS. See SANCHEZ.

SANCTORIUS, or SANTORIUS, an ingenious physician, was born in 1561, at Capo d'Istria, a town on the borders of the gulf of Trieste. He studied medicine and took his degree at Padua, and then settled at Venice as a practitioner, where he had considerable success. In 1611 he was recalled to Padua, and appointed professor of the theory of medicine in that university; an office which he held with great credit for the space of thirteen years, until his reputation occasioning his being frequently sent for to Venice by the people of distinction in that city, he resigned his chair in order to dedicate all his time to medical practice. His resignation was accepted, but the salary continued; and with this testimony of the public esteem, he removed and settled finally at Venice, where he died in 1636, aged seventy-five. He was buried in the cloisters, and a statue of marble raised to his memory,

Sanctorius was the first who directed the attention of physicians to the importance of insensible perspiration in the animal economy, concerning which he had gone through a long course of experiments upon himself. For these he constructed a kind of statical chair; by means of which, after weighing the aliments he took in, and the

1 Biog. Brit.-Gen. Dict.-Burnet's Own Times.-Birch's Tillotson.-Cole's MS Athenæ in Brit. Mus.-Wilford's Memorials, p. 342.-Warton's Milton.Familiar Letters, 1757, 8vo,-Gutch's " Collectanea Curiosa,"

sensible secretions and discharges, he was enabled to determine with wonderful exactness the weight or quantity of insensible perspiration, as well as what kind of food or drink increased and diminished it. On these experiments he erected a curious system, which was long admired by the faculty. It was divulged first at Venice in 1614, under the title of "Ars de Statica Medicina," comprehended in seven sections of aphorisms; and was often reprinted at different places, with corrections and additions by the author. It was translated into French, and published at Paris 1722; and we had next an English version of it, with large explanations, by Dr. Quincy; to the third edition of which in 1723, and perhaps to the former, is added, "Dr. James Keil's Medicina Statica Britannica, with comparative remarks and explanations; as also physico-medical essays on agues, fevers, on elastic fibre, the gout, the leprosy, king'sevil, venereal diseases, by Dr. Quincy."

Sanctorius published other works; as, "Methodi vitandorum errorum omnium, qui in Arte Medica contingunt, libri quindecim," 1602; "Commentaria in primam sectionem Aphorismorum Hippocratis," 1609; "Commentaria in Artem Medicinalem Galeni," 1612; "Commentaria in primam partem primi libri Canonis Avicennæ," 1625; "De Lithotomia, seu Calculi vesicæ sectione, Consultatio," 1638. All these, which raised his character very greatly among his own profession, were in 1660 printed there together in 4 vols. 4to.

Sanctorius unquestionably conferred a benefit on medical science, by directing the observation of medical men to the functions of the skin; but unfortunately, the doctrines were extended much too far; and, coinciding with the mechanical principles, which were coming into vogue after the discovery of the circulation, as well as with the chemical notions, which were not yet exploded, they contributed to complete the establishment of the humoral pathology, under the shackles of which the practice of medicine continued almost to our own times. Sanctorius was also the author of several inventions. Besides his statical chair, he invented an instrument for measuring the force of the pulse; and several new instruments of surgery. He was the first physician who attempted to measure the heat of the skin by a thermometer, in different diseases, and at different periods of the same disease; and it is to his credit.