our imitation. It was confined to the Church at Jerusalem; continued not long there; was never enjoined upon any; (Acts, v. 4.;) and, although it might suit with the particular circumstances of a small and select society, is altogether impracticable in a large and mixed community.

The conduct of the Apostles upon the occasion deserves to be noticed. Their followers laid down their fortunes at their feet; but so far were they from taking advantage of this unlimited confidence, to enrich themselves, or to establish their authority, that they soon after got rid of this business, as inconsistent with the main object of their mission, and transferred the custody and management of the public fund to deacons elected to that office by the people at large. Acts, vi.

II. The manner of bestowing bounty ;-or the different kinds of charity.

Every question between the different kinds of charity, supposes the sum bestowed to be the same.

There are three kinds of charity which prefer a claim to at tention.

The first, and in my judgment one of the best, is, to give stated and considerable sums, by way of pension or annuity, to individuals or families, with whose behaviour and distress we ourselves are acquainted. When I speak of considerable sums, I mean only, that five pounds, or any other sum, given at once or divided amongst five or fewer families, will do more good than the same sum distributed amongst a greater number, in shillings or halfcrowns; and that, because it is more likely to be properly applied by the persons who receive it. A poor fellow, who can find no better use for a shilling than to drink his benefactor's health, and purchase half an hour's recreation for himself, would hardly break into a guinea for any such purpose, or be so improvident as not to lay it by for an occasion of importance, for his rent, his clothing, fuel, or stock of winter's provision. It is a still greater recommendation of this kind of charity, that pensions and annuities, which are paid regularly, and can be expected at the time, are the only way by which we can prevent one part of a poor man's sufferings,-the dread of want.

2. But as this kind of charity supposes that proper objects of such expensive benefactions fall within our private knowledge and observation, which does not happen to all, a second method of doing good, which is in every one's power who has the money to spare, is by subscription to public charities. Public charities ad mit of this argument in their favour, that your money goes further

towards attaining the end for which it is given, than it can do by any private and separate beneficence. A guinea, for example, contributed to an infirmary, becomes the means of providing one patient at least with a physician, surgeon, apothecary, with medicine, diet, lodging, and suitable attendance; which is not the tenth part of what the same assistance, if it could be procured at all, would cost to a sick person or family in any other situation.

3. The last, and, compared with the former, the lowest exertion of benevolence, is in the relief of beggars. Nevertheless, I by no means approve the indiscriminate rejection of all who implore our alms in this way. Some may perish by such a conduct. Men are sometimes overtaken by distress, for which all other relief would come too late. Beside which, resolutions of this kind compel us to offer such violence to our humanity, as may go near, in a little while, to suffocate the principle itself, which is a very serious consideration. A good man, if he do not surrender himself to his feelings without reserve, will at least lend an ear to importunities, which come accompanied with outward attestations of distress; and after a patient hearing of the complaint, will direct himself by the circumstances and credibility of the account that he receives. There are other species of charity well contrived to make the money expended go far; such as keeping down the price of fuel or provision, in case of a monopoly or temporary scarcity, by purchasing the articles at the best market, and retailing them at prime cost, or at a small loss; or the adding a bounty to a particular species of labour when the price is accidentally depressed.

The proprietors of large estates have it in their power to facilitate the maintenance, and thereby encourage the establishment of families (which is one of the noblest purposes to which the rich and great can convert their endeavours) by building cottages splitting farms, erecting manufactures, cultivating wastes, embanking the sea, draining marshes, and other expedients which the situation of each estate points out. If the profits of these undertakings do not repay the expense, let the authors of them place the difference to the account of charity. It is true of almost all such projects, that the public is a gainer by them, whatever the owner be. And where the loss can be spared, this consideration is sufficient.

It is become a question of some importance, under what circumstances works of charity ought to be done in private, and when they may be made public without detracting from the merit of the action, if, indeed, they ever may; the Author of our religion having delivered a rule upon this subject, which seems to enjoin universal secrecy ::-"When thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know

"what thy right hand doeth, that thy alms may be in secret; and "thy Father which seeth in secret, himself shall reward thee "openly." Matt. vi. 3, 4. From the preamble to this prohibition I think it, however, plain, that our Saviour's sole design was to forbid ostentation, and all publishing of good works which proceeds from that motive:"Take heed that ye do not your alms before men, "to be seen of them; otherwise ye have no reward of your Fath"er which is in heaven; Therefore, when thou doest thine alms, "do not sound a trumpet before thee, as the hypocrites do, in the synagogues and in the streets, that they may have glory of men. "Verily I say unto thee, they have their reward," ver. 1, 2. There are motives for the doing our alms in public beside those of ostentation, with which, therefore, our Saviour's rule has no concern ; such as to testify our approbation of some particular species of charity, and to recommend it to others; to take off the prejudice which the want, or, which is the same thing, the suppression of our name in the list of contributors might excite against the charity, or against ourselves. And, so long as these motives are free from any mixture of vanity, they are in no danger of invading our Saviour's prohibition; they rather seem to comply with another direction which he has left us: "Let your light so shine before men, that "they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which "is in heaven." If it be necessary to propose a precise distinction upon the subject, I can think of none better than the following: When our bounty is beyond our fortune or station, that is, when it is more than could be expected from us, our charity should be private, if privacy be practicable: when it is not more than may be expected, it may be public: for we cannot hope to influence others to the imitation of extraordinary generosity, and therefore want, in the former case, the only justifiable, reason for making it public.

Having thus described several different exertions of charity, it may not be improper to take notice of a species of liberality, which is not charity, in any sense of the word: I mean the giving of entertainments or liquor, for the sake of popularity; or the rewarding, treating, and maintaining the companions of our diversions, as hunters, shooters, fishers, and the like. I do not say that this is criminal; I only say that it is not charity; and that we are not to suppose, because we give, and give to the poor, that it will stand in the place, or supercede the obligation, of more meritorious and disinterested bounty.

III. The pretences by which men excuse themselves from giving to the poor.

"That they have nothing to spare," i. e. nothing for which they have not some other use; nothing which their plan of expense, together with the savings they have resolved to lay by, will not exhaust: never reflecting whether it be in their power, or that it is their duty to retrench their expenses, and contract their plan, "that they may have to give to them that need;" or, rather, that this ought to have been part of their plan originally.

2. "That they have families of their own, and that charity "begins at home." The extent of this plea will be considered, when we come to explain the duty of parents.

3. "That charity does not consist in giving money, but in bene"volence, philanthropy, love to all mankind, goodness of heart," &c. Hear St. James: "If a brother or sister be naked, and destitute of "daily food, and one of you say unto them, "Depart in peace; be ye warmed and filled; notwithstanding ye give them not those “things which are needful to the body; what doth it profit ?" James, ii, 15, 16.

4. "That giving to the poor is not mentioned in St. Paul's de"scription of charity, in the thirteenth chapter of his First Epistle "to the Corinthians." This is not a description of charity, but of good-nature; and it is not necessary that every duty be mentioned in every place.

5. "That they pay the poor-rates.” They might as well allege that they pay their debts: for, the poor have the same right to that portion of a man's property which the laws assign them, that the man himself has to the remainder.

6. "That they employ many poor persons:"-for their own sake, not the poor's;-otherwise it is a good plea.

7. "That the poor do not suffer so much as we imagine; that "education and habit have reconciled them to the evils of their "condition, and make them easy under it." Habit can never reconcile human nature to the extremities of cold, hunger, and thirst, any more than it can reconcile the hand to the touch of a red hot iron: besides, the question is not, how unhappy any one is, but how much more happy we can make him.

8. "That these people, give them what you will, will never thank you, or think of you for it." In the first place, this is not true: in the second place, it was not for the sake of their thanks that you relieved them.

9. "That we are so liable to be imposed upon." If a due inquiry be made, our motive and merit is the same: beside that, the distress is generally real, whatever has been the cause of it.

10. "That they should apply to their parishes." This is not al

ways practicable: to which we may add, that there are many requisites to a comfortable subsistence, which parish relief does not always supply; and that there are some who would suffer almost as much from receiving parish relief as by the want of it; and, lastly, that there are many modes of charity to which this answer does not relate at all.

11. "That giving money encourages idleness and vagrancy.” This is true only of injudicious and indiscriminate generosity.

12. "That we have too many objects of charity at home, to be"stow any thing upon strangers; or, that there are other charities, "which are more useful, or stand in greater need." The value of this excuse depends entirely upon the fact, whether we actually relieve those neighbouring objects, and contribute to those other charities.

Beside all these excuses, pride, or prudery, or delicacy, or love of ease, keep one half of the world out of the way of observing what the other half suffer.

CHAPTER VI.

RESENTMENT.

RESENTMENT may be distinguished into anger and revenge. By anger, I mean the pain we suffer upon the receipt of an injury or affront, with the usual effects of that pain upon ourselves. By revenge, the inflicting of pain upon the person who has injured or offended us, further than the just ends of punishment or reparation require.

Anger prompts to revenge; but it is possible to suspend the effect, when we cannot altogether quell the principle. We are bound also to endeavour to qualify and correct the principle itself. So that our duty requires two different applications of the mind; and for that reason, anger and revenge should be considered separately.

CHAPTER VII.

ANGER.

"BE ye angry, and sin not;" therefore all anger is not sinful. I suppose, because some degree of it, and upon some occasions, is inevitable.