PREFACE After Priestley's death papers a short auto In the following account of the life and work of that “hero and type of the intellectual energy of the eighteenth century "-the "honest heretic "-Joseph Priestley, I have, to a considerable extent, made the subject of it tell his own story. there was found among his biography, dealing with the main events of his life up to the time of his settlement in America. This was subsequently published, with additions and explanatory notes, by his eldest son. Of this biography I have made full use, considering it, of course, as the best authority on the matters to which it refers. For the account of the Warrington Academy, with which institution Priestley was connected for some years, and which connection profoundly affected his career, I am mainly indebted to Mr Henry A. Bright's paper in the Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 1858-59. The Yates papers in the possession of the Royal Society have also afforded me much assistance, and have been freely drawn upon. V 407274 I am also indebted to the late Mr Henry Carrington Bolton's collection for certain letters and for information concerning the Lunar Society of Birmingham. For the graphic account of the Birmingham Riots of 1791, when Priestley's house was wrecked, and his library and laboratory destroyed, as described by an eye-witness, Miss Martha Russell, I have to express my obligations to her relative, Dr W. J. Russell, who first made me acquainted with her narrative. I am also indebted to Dr Russell for a copy of the print from which has been prepared the illustration showing the destruction of Priestley's house. I desire also to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr Aikin for permission to publish certain of Priestley's letters to his distinguished connection, Mrs Barbauld. I am further under obligations to Lady Priestley, Lady Roscoe and Mr Sydney Lupton for much useful assistance. The portrait of Priestley, which forms the frontispiece, has been reproduced in photogravure from the painting by Artaud, now in Dr Williams' Theological Library in Gordon Square. I have to thank the Trustees of the Library for their kindness in allowing the copy to be made. LONDON: May 1906. T. E. T. Priestley marries-Is ordained-His Essay on Education -Lectures on History and General Policy-His Chart of Biography-Becomes a Doctor of Laws of the University of Edinburgh-His visits to London-Makes the acquaintance of Dr Price, Canton and Benjamin Goes to Leeds as minister of the Mill Hill Chapel— Resumes his studies in Speculative Theology-The Practice of Perspective-His literary characteristics- 75 Begins his inquiries on Pneumatic Chemistry—His Becomes literary companion to Lord Shelburne-Goes abroad-His visit to Paris-His scientific work at Calne and in London-Continues his theological and Priestley at Birmingham-His theological work there- Priestley as a man of science-His characteristics as a philosopher-Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air-His discovery of the influence of vege- tation on vitiated air-Atmospheric air not elementary -His researches on nitric oxide-Eudiometry-Nitrous oxide-Discovers hydrogen chloride-Prepares oxygen from nitre (1771)—Isolates ammonia gas-Discovers 194 sulphur dioxide-Dephlogisticated air (oxygen)-Dis- covers silicon fluoride-Intra-diffusion of gases-Res- piration-Priestley's opinions of the value of experimental science in education-Discovers nitrosulphuric acid- Notes the constancy of composition of the atmosphere- Prepares chlorine-Sound in "air"-Experiments re- lating to phlogiston-The seeming conversion of water into air-Watt and the compound nature of water- |