the section of the Bureau of Medical Experts where the same is to take place. 8. The Bureau of Medical Experts may use all methods approved by medical science for determining disability for work. 9. The Bureau of Medical Experts shall keep detailed minutes of the conference meetings, and the record embodying the results of the examinations shall be signed by all members of the Bureau. 10. A person who has undergone an examination and has been found unfit for work shall receive a certificate from the Bureau of Medical Experts. Note. A copy of the certificate shall be kept in the files of the Bureau. 11. The records as well as the certificates shall show whether the disability is of a permanent or temporary character. If the disability for work be temporary, the record and certificate shall show the date set for examination. 12. After the disability for work has been certified the proper insurance office shall inform thereof the Department of Social Security of the local Soviet, stating the name, surname and address of the person disabled, as well as the character of the disability (whether temporary or permanent). 13. The decision of the Bureau of Medical Experts certifying or denying the disability of the applicant may be appealed from by the interested parties to the People's Commissariat of Health Protection. 14. The People's Commissariat of Health Protection may either dismiss the appeal or issue an order for the re-examination of appellant by a new staff of the Bureau of Experts. 15. The decision of the new staff of the Bureau of Experts shall be final and subject to no further appeal. 16. Re-examinations to establish the recovery of working ability shall be conducted in the same manner as the first examination, with the observance of the regulations of the present article of the code. 17. The expenses incurred in connection with the examination. of an insured person shall be charged to the respective insurance office. The expenses incurred in connection with the examination of a person not insured shall be charged to the respective enterprise, establishment or institution. 18. The People's Commissariat of Labor may, if necessary, modify or amend the present rules for the determination of disability for work. M. Rules Concerning Payment of Sick Benefits (Subsidies) to Wage Earners 1. Every wage earner shall receive in case of sickness a subsidy and medical aid from the local hospital fund of which he is a member. Note 1.- Each person may be a member of only one insurance fund at a time. Note 2.- A person who has been ill outside the district of the local hospital fund of which he is a member shall receive the subsidy from the hospital fund of the district in which he has been taken ill. All expenses thus incurred shall be charged to the hospital fund of which the particular person is a member. 2. The sick benefits shall be paid to a member of a hospital fund from the first day of his sickness until the day of his recovery, with the exception of those days during which he has worked and accordingly received remuneration from the enterprise, establishment or institution where he is employed. 3. The sick benefit shall be equal to the remuneration fixed for a wage earner of the respective group and category. Note 1. The group and category in which the wage earner is enrolled shall be ascertained by the local hospital fund through the Department of Labor Distribution or through the trade unions. Note 2. The subsidy for pregnant women and those lying-in shall be fixed by special regulations of the People's Commissariat of Labor. Note 3.- In exceptional cases the People's Commissariat of Labor may reduce the subsidy to the minimum of living expenses as determined for the respective district. 4. Besides the subsidies, the hospital funds shall also provide for their members free medical aid of every kind (first aid, ambulatory treatment, home treatment, treatment in sanatoria or resorts, etc.). Note. To secure medical aid any hospital fund may, independently or in conjunction with other local funds, organize and maintain its own ambulatories, hospitals, etc., as well as enter into agreements with individual physicians and establishments. 5. The resources of the local hospital funds shall be derived: (a) From obligatory payments by enterprises, establishments and institutions (Soviet, public and private) employing paid labor; (b) From fines for delay of payments; (c) From profits on the investments of the funds; Note. The resources of the local hospital funds shall be consolidated into one common fund of insurance against sickness. 6. The amount of the payments to local hospital funds by enterprises, establishments and institutions employing paid labor shall be periodically fixed by the People's Commissariat of Labor. Note 1. In case these obligatory payments be not paid within the time fixed by the local hospital funds, they shall be collected by the local Department of Labor; moreover, in addition to the sum due, a fine of 10 per cent. thereof shall be imposed for the benefit of the hospital fund. Note 2.- In case the delay be due to the fault of the responsible managers of the particular enterprise, establishment, or institution, the fine shall be collected from the personal means of the latter. 7. The decision of the hospital funds may be appealed from within two weeks to the Department of Labor. The decision of the Department of Labor shall be final and subject to no further appeal. 8. The People's Commissariat of Labor may, whenever necessary, change or amend the foregoing rules concerning sick benefits to wage earners. CHAPTER XV Revolutionary Socialist Activities in Europe Since 1917 (A) PRUSSIAN "SPARTACIDE" COMMUNISTS Beginning even before the signing of the Armistice, the revolutionary Socialist element in Germany started a concerted movement to take possession of the State. A group, with touch of intellectual pride characteristically German, to show its knowledge of history and past revolutions, took the name of Spartacans, from that ancient Roman revolutionary proletarian, Spartacus, who started a bloody revolt against the Roman state. The Spartacans formed the extreme Left Wing of the Socialist aggregation. Lenin's accusation is that all German Socialists except the Spartacus group were guilty of the betrayal of Socialism and of the proletariat through their absolute or partial loyalty to the Fatherland during the Great War. This, together with the corresponding loyalty of French and the majority of British Socialist and labor leaders, had led to the collapse of the Second Socialist International, which had been based on the fundamental idea that loyalty to revolutionary Socialism must replace loyalty to one's country. Between October, 1918, and January, 1919, the Spartacus movement developed rapidly in Northern Germany. On Decem- · ber 31st the Spartacus unions of all Germany had a meeting in Berlin at which Karl Liebknecht said: "The introduction of the class struggle into the country is a decisive matter for us. We want to lift the mailed fist against every one who opposes the social revolution of the proletariat. The next thing we have to expect is the internationalization of civil war." The party then issued a manifesto calling for revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, signed by four leaders: Clara Zetkin, Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht and Franz Mehring. Armed bands of Spartacides were organized, and riots took place in many towns and cities. The Spartacides demanded that all power be given to the Councils of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies; that the proletariat be armed and bourgeoisie disarmed; that the government proceed to the immediate socialization of industry and should itself be turned into a dictatorship |