a Bell-metal Mortar, and reduce it to obscuring any part of the painting; impalpable Powder; and so proceed as in the Blue. "Green is also prepar'd like the former, but the Colour is made by the Change of the Ingredients; and therefore you must take two Ounces of Es ustum, to which the rest are easily deduc'd; I shall now proceed to shew two Ounces of Minium, and eight Ounces of very fine white Sand; and proceed as above. "These being the principal Colours, from which the rest are easily deduc'd; I shall now proceed to shew how these Colours must be made use of in Painting upon Glass. "The Painting on Glass is of such fine Effect, as becomes the Admiration of the Learned in all noble Arts: Nothing can be more admirable to the sight; besides its continuance and resisting all Efforts of every Season and Badness of Weather for several Ages. "If Glass were Malleable, and discharg'd of its natural Frangibility, nothing could equal the Paint thereon; for 'tis not to be tarnished, but always maintains its primitive Beauty and Splendor, without any obstruction to the Transition of Light; and there may as fine Fancies be done on it as on Limbing. There would certainly be nothing on Earth so rich and precious as Glass, whether painted or tinged, if it had this principal perfection of Malleability, which many learned Men have studied for and daily find, but rather chuse to pass for Ignoramus's, than expose so fine and delicate a Secret. "Now as to the Manner of Painting on Glass. then mark out cach piece on the Tablet, by Number 1, 2, 3. Then trace them over in Black with a Pencil, do this very exactly, neither too slightly, nor too thick; and so let it stand two Days to dry, before you print it: Then having all your Colours in a readiness, fill your Pieces off with Colours; for which, use the Nib of the Pencil, especially in Carnation, where you must be very exact: You must also be very circumspect and expeditious, and take a great deal of Care not to blot or blur the Tracings, and chuse rather to paint on the other side of the Glass. All the Colours, except Yellow, may be applied on the same side, because it's apt to mingle with the other Colours; and if near the Blue, will compose a Green; so that for want of such Precaution, the whole work may be spoil'd. If the Yellow transmit itself perfectly thro' the quare, it is as well as if it had been done on the same side: And take notice by the way, that the other Colours have not so ready a Transition, because they consist of a grosser body, therefore the Yellow ought to be very equally and justly laid on in a greater or lesser quantity, as you'd have your Shadows. Observe this too in the rest, to lay them on as quick as possible; but more particularly the azure, green and purple, require the most exactness of any. Then to set off and heighten the Light, in piting a beard, describing Hair in Drapery, or otherwise, use the Handle or Butt-end of the Pencil, a small pointed Stick, or Quill, wherewith take off the Colours in those places you wou'd enlighten, which is easily done. 66 First, Chuse such Glass as is most compact, and best able to resist Such Works as are done in Grasthe Fire, which is not altogether white, saille, you must paint after this manbut of a whitish Yellow: Then you ner: Trace your Piece with black, and must have the Original you paint by, let it dry for two days entirely; do it ready drawn and proportioned, on over very slightly and equally with a strong Cap-paper, in all its Colours Wash, so thin laid on, as not to efface and Perfection; for your better Ad- the first Lines, and let it dry for two vantage in Pattern, lay it on a Table, Days: After this, run it over again and so chuse your pieces of Glass to with the same Wash, where you find be painted, and take care so to fit it convenient to give a second Time, them to each other, as they may joyn and let dry two Days longer: Then to easily afterwards, without any Preju- give it the Lights and convenient dice to the Draught from displacing Heightnings, take the sharp But-end them, and so confounding the Figures of your Pencil, or pointed Stick or and Portraicts, or from the Lead Pen as before, and take off the Colour which must joyn them afterwards, by of the first Wash in the most neces sary places, and so your Work will be finished. cographers? Is the discovery of that "To make this Wash easie, Take a small Pewter Cup, or other Vessel, and put therein a quantity of Black Colouring, then dissolve Gum-arabick powder'd in its Weight of Wine, and throw this on the Back in the Pewter-dish or Saucer, that it may be very clear; and not easily dry'd: And so you may have your Wash for painting Glass in Grissaille, or Gray. "There is another Way of Painting on Glass, more easie, aud altogether as effectual: Which is this: Take very white Glass, varnish it very thin, on one side, with a white LETTER XV.-ON THE AFFAIRS OF Varnish; then having before made THE POOR, &c. Assessments. we accustom ourselves to reflect choice of some fine Impress or Cut On the Misapplication of Parochial on Paper, just fit for the Piece of Glass you design to paint its Fancy on, dip it in Water, and let it soak, and dry a little; then clap the Picon the various occurrences which ture side thereof to the Varnish-side are rapidly following each other, as of the Glass, as exactly, plain, and wave succeeds wave, in human life, evenly as possible; and so let it dry we shall be induced to believe, that throughly. Afterwards moisten the every institution, however pure in its Paper on the blank Side, and with a origin, will suffer innovations in the blunt Graver, draw off, and trace the hands of men; and that it is absoLines of the Picture, which will after- lutely necessary to have frequent rewards remain perfect and distinctly course to first principles, to see how on the Varnish-side of your Glass far we are departed and are still deQuarry. This Draught is for the parting from them. Model you must paint your Fillings This is as peculiarly necessary for in; and observe that the Tracings all bodies of men, as for individuals and Strokes of the Picture, are acting in public capacities, as it will to serve you in shadowing, which be the means of recalling to their cannot be rejected without Disadvan- memories what hath been done by tage to your Piece. their ancestors, what hath been done since, and what is doing now. "You must also paint in Glass just as in Miniature, with Water-colours, laying your Picture underneath it as before; and this will shew finer than if done in Oil; besides the Colours dry in a moment. If any one should doubt of the necessity of inquiring into the times that are passed, in order to discover and correct the abuses of the present day, let him examine into the proceedings "Your pieces thus done in Oil of the coroner and his jury at their or Water-colour, may receive a very first appointment, and compare them additional and improving Beauty, by with a paragraph which appeared in overlaying all the Colours, except the Morning Chronicle of a recent the Ground, with Leaf-silver, which date. will appear very glorious and lively on such as are transparent. And so much for painting in Glass." On the Word MAHOGANY. SIR, We are informed, that on the 19th day of October, 1807, a coroner's inquest was lately taken in a parish to the westward of the Thames, on the body of a young man (a gentleman's groom) who was found drowned, CAN any of your readers inform and the verdict was returned to that me why the word mahogany is effect, The gentlemen who sit on not to be found in Bailey, Johnson, juries in the parish are generally senor in any of our more modern lexi- lected from the passed and present To fowls and pork To tarts To dressing and vegetables To porter, &c. for men 1 12 0 0 12 0 4 11 5 0 10 8 officers; and they have uniformly a the origin of the coroners, we shall dinner or a supper on the occasion. see that their institution hath degeThe following is a copy of the bill nerated in passing down the current for their repast: L. s d. of time. When the state of society first rendered it necessary to inquire how the king had been deprived of a subject, when a person was found dead, the office of coroner was then considered as a post of honour, and there were but few below the rank of a knight aspired to it in counties; 8 11 1 and it was held in high estimation, as This bill was sent by the church- the appointment came from the king. warden to the master of the deceased As knights were not always to be for payment; and it shews that the found in privileged jurisdictions, the officers had been so long in the habit law required that they who were of feasting upon every occasion, that coroners, by virtue of their office, they were grown callous to shame, should be possess d of sufficient proand incapable of blushing. The gen- perty within the franchise to answer for tleman considering that the parish the fines payable by the coroner for any officers could not have any legal right misdemeanour, and if the commonalty to feed upon dead men, as they elected any one from their body for did upon bastard children, returned mayor, when the king had granted their bill in a blank cover to the the privilege of coroner to the town, churchwarden unpaid, to be proba- who was not competent to answer the bly settled in the ways and means of fines, they were liable to be amerced, a parochial account. to make good any deficiency. At This is very far from being a soli- that time there was not any fee altary instance of a coroner's jury taking lowed to the coroner, nor feasting refreshment at the expense of the for his jury, and yet he was liable to friends of the deceased, even before be fined by the king for concealing they had discharged their duty; and of felonies, and for the neglect of the it has been done so freely, that the duties of his office. foreman has been insensible of the Where empty honour is connected business they were met upon; and with trouble, and without a distant as they could not give their verdict, prospect of any emolument to soften they were obliged to adjourn till the the trial, we shall be much disapnext day. Bills for the expenses of pointed if we expect to find that the juries have been sent for payment to coroners continued always equally poor widows, and the coroner has active and vigilant in the path of done every thing in his power to en- duty. The history of their proceedforce it; and they have been obliged ings plainly shews, that frequent com after losing their husbands, to part plaints were made of their indiffereither with some of their furniture or ence and remissness in discharging wearing apparel, to discharge the their duty; and this called for the cruel and illegal demand. interference of the legislature to proIf a strict inquiry be made, it may vide a remedy. It was enacted in be found that there is a fixed sum al- the third year of the reign of Henry lowed for the jury to drink in an VII. chapter the first, that a fee of exempt jurisdiction; and it is much thirteen shillings and fourpence should to be feared, that most illegal impo- be paid for every inquisition taken on sitions are very far from being un the view of a dead body slain by viocommon. Such gross and shameful lence, and the money was to be raised abuses are suffered to continue, be- on the goods and chattels of the cause the seeking of redress is too slayer. If they were found insuffitroublesome and expensive for any cient to answer the sum, the coroner private person to undertake for the was to be paid out of the fine to be public; when he is sure, that if he levied upon the district for suffering checks the evil, he must sit down with the murder. a certain loss. If we examine into [To be continued.]. A ACCOUNT of the COMMERCE of five distinct classes, viz. 1st, ManuFRANCE with ITALY, PIEDMONT, factures to the value of 30,800,000 SAVOY, and SWITZERLAND. francs. 2dly, Raw materials, and T HE very name of Italy, in what- those which have undergone a primiever point of view it be regard- tive preparation, such as spun coted, creates ideas of grandeur. With ton, destined for Switzerland, the respect to commerce, the mention of whole amounting to 11,800,000 it brings to our minds the maritime francs. 3dly, Produce of the vegepowers of Venice and Genoa, their table and animal worlds to the amount opulence and extensive connections 10,700,000 francs. 4thly, Wines with Europe, Africa, and Asia, even and brandies to the value 5.000,000 prior to the discovery of the Cape francs. 5thly, The commodities of the of Good Hope. We once more re- French West Indies, which amount gard the great family of Medicis, their to the sum of 20,000,000 francs. , and that of their native place, By the result of this commerce it xence; in short, our thoughts are would appear, that France, in order to drscted to the purest climate and equalize the exchanges between herself most fertile soil in Europe. and those countries, should pay a baThe contiguity of Savoy and Pied- lance, annually, of 3,600,000 francs. mont both to France and Italy, the It will, however, be evident, on facility of communication which re- considering her commercial relations salts from their happy situation in separately with some Italian powers, respect to Switzerland, are combined that the balance against her is even circumstances which lead us to con- more considerable. Thus the two sider collectively the commerce of all Sicilies draw infinitely less from Italy, and of the Thirteen Cantons France than they supply her with, with France, during the two epochs and the only compensation which the placed in parallel. latter may be said to receive results The imports into France from all from her connection with Milan and those countries, at the conclusion of Tuscany, where not only great sales the reign of Louis XIV. amounted of manufactured articles, but also of to the sum of 10,700,000 francs; coffee and sugar are made on the and at the time of the revolution, to part of the French. $2,000,000 francs. This augmentation is in the proportion of nearly as one is to eight. The following is a list of the merchandises exported from France for Italy:- Pepper, cinnamon, cloves, The three classes into which these nutmegs, mace, cocoa, ginger, porceimports are divided, are as follow:- lain, Indian calicoes, muslins, camIst, Manufactures 16,300,000 francs, brics, fine linen, woollen cloths, camsuch as silk ribbons from Padua, lets, serges, Lyonese stuffs, mercery, thick crapes from Bologna, various hardware, millinery, Haerlem and silken stuffs, velvets, &c. from Ge- Flemish white thread, vermillion, noa and Florence, and white and dye woods, madder, copper, brass, printed cottons from Switzerland. iron, lead, pewter, capers, the wines 2dly, Raw materials to the amount of Languedoc and Provence, corn and of 37,400,000 francs, nearly two other grain, the embroidered silken thirds of this sum being for raw silk. 3dly, The produce of the animal and vegetable worlds 28,300,000 francs, of which 11,500,000 are paid for oil, the greater part being imported for the fabrication of soap. stuffs of Lyons and Tours, &c. &c. Besides various silken stuffs &c. peculiar to certain parts of Italy, this country sends to France, dried fruits, such as raisins, figs, almonds, &c. also lemons, limes, anniseed, alum, The exports of France for all the sulphur, steel, rice, manna, amber, aforesaid countries amounted, at the turpentine, cream of tartar, fine end of Louis XIV's reign, to 23,100,000 francs; and at the time of the revolution, to 78,300,000, which exhibits an augmentation in proportion as one is to three and a half. These exports may be divided into UNIVERSAL MAG, VOL. X. lacker, paper, soap, perfumed gloves, snuffs of various kinds, essences, white marble in blocks, and marble slabs of all colours and qualities. France exports for Switzerland, corn, hemp, salt of Lorraine and C To fowls and pork To tarts To dressing and vegetables To porter, &c. for men 1120 0 10 8 officers; and they have uniformly a the origin of the coroners, we shall dinner or a supper on the occasion. see that their institution hath dege The following is a copy of the bill nerated in passing down the current for their repast: l. s d. of time. When the state of society first rendered it necessary to inquire how the king had been deprived of 0 12 0 dead, the office of coroner was then a subject, when a person was found 015 considered as a post of honour, and 4 11 5 there were but few below the rank of a knight aspired to it in counties; 8 11 1 and it was held in high estimation, as This bill was sent by the church- the appointment came from the king, warden to the master of the deceased As knights were not always to be for payment; and it shews that the found in privileged jurisdictions, the officers had been so long in the habit law required that they who were of feasting upon every occasion, that coroners, by virtue of their office, they were grown callous to shame, should be possess d of sufficient proand incapable of blushing. The gen- perty within the franchise to answer for tleman considering that the parish the fines payable by the coroner for any officers could not have any legal right misdemeanour, and if the commonalty to feed upon dead men, as they elected any one from their body for did upon bastard children, returned mayor, when the king had granted their bill in a blank cover to the the privilege of coroner to the town, churchwarden unpaid, to be proba- who was not competent to answer the bly settled in the ways and means of fines, they were liable to be amerced, a parochial account. to make good any deficiency. At This is very far from being a soli- that time there was not any fee altary instance of a coroner's jury taking lowed to the coroner, nor feasting refreshment at the expense of the for his jury, and yet he was liable to friends of the deceased, even before be fined by the king for concealing they had discharged their duty; and of felonies, and for the neglect of the it has been done so freely, that the duties of his office. foreman has been insensible of the Where empty honour is connected business they were met upon; and with trouble, and without a distant as they could not give their verdict, prospect of any emolument to soften they were obliged to adjourn till the the trial, we shall be much disapnext day. Bills for the expenses of pointed if we expect to find that the juries have been sent for payment to coroners continued always equally poor widows, and the coroner has active and vigilant in the path of done every thing in his power to en- duty. The history of their proceedforce it; and they have been obliged ings plainly shews, that frequent com after losing their husbands, to part plaints were made of their indiffereither with some of their furniture or ence and remissness in discharging wearing apparel, to discharge the their duty; and this called for the cruel and illegal demand. interference of the legislature to proIf a strict inquiry be made, it may vide a remedy. It was enacted in be found that there is a fixed sum al- the third year of the reign of Henry lowed for the jury to drink in an VII. chapter the first, that a fee of exempt jurisdiction; and it is much thirteen shillings and fourpence should to be feared, that most illegal impo- be paid for every inquisition taken on sitions are very far from being un the view of a dead body slain by viocommon. Such gross and shameful lence, and the money was to be raised abuses are suffered to continue, be- on the goods and chattels of the cause the seeking of redress is too slayer. If they were found insuffitroublesome and expensive for any cient to answer the sum, the coroner private person to undertake for the was to be paid out of the fine to be public; when he is sure, that if he levied upon the district for suffering checks the evil, he must sit down with the murder. a certain loss. If we examine into [To be continued.]. |