Case, definition of, 92; derivation of, 99;
in English and Latin compared, 92; in
nouns and pronouns compared, 93;
how to determine, 97; possessive, 94,
substitute for, 95; formation of, 95;
syntax of, 221

Causative suffixes, 193
Checks, 41
Cherubim, 87

Chicken, 49, 86

Children, 86

Cingalese, 26

Clause, definition of, 201
Cognate objective, 132

Collective nouns, 74; syntax of, 229, 240
Common, proper and singular nouns, 70;
gender, nouns of, 78

Comparatives not followed by than, 113
Comparison of adjectives, 108; modes of
marking, 110; irregular, 111; errors of
syntax in, 230; pleonasm in, 112, 231;
of adverbs, 174

Complement of predicate, 133
Complex sentence, 184

Composition marking gender, 81
Compounds and derivatives, 189
Compound nouns, plurals of, 89; posses-
sive of, 95; relation of parts in, 190;
gerund forms, 148

Con, 167

Concord, definition of, 217; of pronouns
and nouns, 233; of relative with ante-
cedent, 234; of verbs and subjects, 240;
rules observed in, 247

Concrete nouns, 75

Conjugation, definition of, 158; of be,

140; of simple tenses, 159; of verb
with auxiliaries, 160

Conjunctions, definition of, 182; join
sentences and words, 182; classifica-
tion of, 183; co-ordinate, 186; sub-
ordinate, 187; derived from other parts
of speech, 187; correlative, 187; alter-
native, syntax of, 241, 254

Conjunctive pronouns, 121; adverbs, 172
Conquest of Britain, Roman, 2; English,
2; Norman, 5

Consonants, definition of, 38; classifica-
tion of, 39

Co-ordinate conjunctions, 183, 240
Co-ordinating use of relative pronoun,
125, 206

Copula, 170

Could, 167
Cumbria, 2

Cunning, 167

Elder and older, III

Eleven, 103

Ellipsis, definition of, 204; a cause of
error, 259

Emphasis, definition of, 50

-en, plural suffix, 86; feminine suffix, 80;
verb suffix, 193; adjective suffix, 192;
past participle suffix, 153
English Conquest of Britain, 2
English, who they were, 3; whence they
came, 4; old language pure, 26;
modern language mixed, 26; its con-
stituents, 9

Enlargement of subject, 210; of predi-
cate, 203

-er, comparative suffix, 110; masculine
suffix, 192; plural suffix, 86; verbal
suffix, 193
Erse, 2, 25

-es, plural suffix, 85

-ess, feminine suffix, 81

Etymology, definition of, 33

Euphonic changes, 49

Events affecting the formation of English

vocabulary, 7.

Expedients, orthographical, 56

Explosives, 41

Extension, meaning of, 200, 204

Every, etymology of, 126; syntax of,

229

F, plural of nouns ending in, 85
Factitive verbs, 218; object, 225; use of
adjectives, 228

French influence on English language, 7
Frequentative suffix, 193

Friday, absence of possessive s, 98
Further, 112

Future, how expressed in subjunctive,
249; table of forms, 243; predictive
and promissive, 166

Gaffer and gammer, 82
Gander, 82

-ge in yclept, 158

Gender, comparison of English and other
languages as regards, 78; distinguished
from sex, 78; definition of, 79; modes
of marking, 80; in pronouns, 127; of
nouns in apposition, 220

Genitive, see Possessive; meaning of
word, 222; relations expressed by old,
98; subjective and objective, 223
Gerund, definition of, 146; compound
forms of, 148

Gerundial infinitive, 143

Go, 158; not an auxiliary, 150
Government, definition of, 217

Grammar, definition of, 35; divisions of,
35; an Art or a Science, 31
Greek words in English, 17
Gutturals, 42

Have, uses of, 165; with past participle,
147

He, she, it, 118

Hebrew, a Semitic language, 27; plurals

in English, 87

Hellenic stock, 25

Here, 174

High German, meaning of name, 4

Hight, shows reduplication, 154

Him, 127

How, 174

Hind, 112

Hungarian language, 26

Hybrids, 193

Hyphen, where placed, 195

I, pure vowel sound, 44; diphthong, 43

I, personal pronoun, 117
Imperative mood, 139

Imperfect, meaning of, applied to tenses,

151; tenses, 149

Impersonal verbs, 134

Inceptive verbs, 150

Inconsistency of alphabet, 57

Indefinite quantitative adjectives, 101;
pronouns, 125; article, see Article;
tenses, 149; present, uses of, 151
Indicative mood, 138

Indirect object, 94; narrative, 245
Indo-European family of languages, 21;
languages outside of, 26

-ine, feminine suffix, 80

Infinitive mood, 143; equivalent to a
noun, 143; without to, 143; simple and
gerundial, 143; prolative, 200; syntax
of, 250

Inflexions, definition of, 64; in English
only few, 64; mostly of English origin,
65; consequences of loss of, 66; mark-
ing gender, 80; number, 84; case, 93;
comparison, 110; retained in pronouns,
127; in adverbs, 174

Inflexional and non-inflexional languages,
65

-ing, patronymic suffix, 18; diminutive
suffix, 191; verbal suffix, 144; origin,
251; errors of syntax, 251
Intentional tenses, so-called, 150
Interjections, 188

Interrogative pronouns, 123

Intransitive verbs, 130; becoming tran-
sitive, 131
Iranian, 26

Irish, or Erse, 2, 25

It, pronoun, 118; anticipatory subject,

206

Neither, error in use of, 261
Neuter gender, 78; verbs, 133
News, 87

No and yes, 173; and not, syntax of, 258
Nominative, how to determine, 97; ab-

solute, 218; of address, 94; in analysis,
206; uscs of, 218
Norman Conquest, 5
Norman French words in English, 12;
contained Keltic element but mainly
Latin, 6; influence on the formation of
compounds, 17; alphabet, 58; inflexions,
65, 108; formation of plurals, 98; com-
parison, 110

Notional verbs, 133

Nouns, definition of, 68; distinguished

from pronouns, 69; from adjectives,
69; common, proper, and singular, 70;
proper becoming common, 72; common
becoming singular, 73; collective, 74;
syntax of, 229, 240; abstract and con-
crete, 75; names of materials, 73; for-
mation of abstract, 76; gender of, 78;
number of, 84; table of plurals of, 84;
without change of form in plural, 87;
apparently plural really singular, 87;
really plural used as singular, 87; syn-
tax of, 240; changing meaning in
plural, 88; having two forms of plural

with different meanings, 88; with no
plural, 88; with no singular, 89; com-
pound, 190; plural of, 89; case of, see
Case; verbal, 145; used as adverbs,
174; suffixes of, 191; syntax of, 218
Noun clauses, 184; how to deal with in
analysis, 206

Number, definition of, 84; in nouns, 84;
in verbs, 152

Numerals, cardinal, 103; ordinal, 104;
multiplicative, 104; mostly of English
origin, 104

O, sounds of, 44; plural of nouns ending
in, 86

Object, definition of, 131; direct and in-
direct, 94, 202; retained, 138, 225; of
verb an adverbial adjunct, 202; en-
largement of, 202

Objective case, how to determine, 97;
syntax of, 224; form of in nouns and
pronouns, 93; cognate, 132; adverbial
relation of noun in, 202

Oblique narrative, 245; cases, 99
Older and elder, 111

-om in seldom, 174

-on, -oon, one, augmentative suffix, 192
One, numeral adjective, 103; indefinite
pronoun, 125

Only, place of, 256

Order, a part of syntax, 217; of noun in
nominative, 221; in possessive, 224; in
objective, 226; of adjective, 233
Orthoëpy, definition of, 32
Orthography, definition of, 32
Orthographical expedients, 56
Ought, 168

Our, ours, 127
Oxen, 86

Owe and own, 168

Palatals, 42

Parsing, directions for, 212
Participles, definition of, 146; present,
146; distinguished from other verbal
forms in -ing, 146; used as preposition
179; used absolutely, 179; common
error of syntax in use of, 219, 227; past,
147; with have, 147; adopted with in-
transitives, 147

Parts of speech, definition of, 62; reduced
to four groups, 63; the same word oc-
curring under different, 63; inflected
or not inflected, 64; the articles not
separate, 105

Passive voice, 136
Patronymics, 18

Paulo-post future tenses, so-called, 150
Peas, 88

Pence and pennies, 88

Perfect tense formed by reduplication,
153

Perfect and Imperfect as applied to tenses
explained, 151

Person in verbs, 152; origin of inflexions
marking, 152

Personal pronouns, 117
Personification affecting gender, 79
Phonetic spelling, 55
Phonology, 32

Phrase, defined, 201; absolute, 206
Pleonasm, 223, 231, 266
Plurals of nouns, see Nouns
Polysyndeton, 260

Possessive, forms of, 94; of nouns in ap-
position, 95; of compound nouns, 95;
s not corruption of his, 97; expressed
by of, 96; functions of, 94; syntax of,
221; pronouns, 127
Predicate, definition of, 198; complement
of, 133, 199; enlargement of, 203;
logical and grammatical, 170
Predicative use of adjectives, 101, 228
Prefixes, definition of, 190; list of, En-
glish, 193; Latin, 193; Greek, 194
Prepositions, definition of, 177; compared
with case-endings, 92; need not precede
nouns, 178; classification of, 179; dis-
tinguished from adverbs, 180; relations
expressed by, 178; idiomatic use of,

262

Present Indefinite, uses of, 151
Pronouns, definition of, 114; distinguished
from nouns, 69; characteristic of, 114;
different uses of, 115; classification of,
116; personal, 117; demonstrative, 119;
reflexive, 119; relative, 121; how iden-
tified, 122; compound, 124; co-ordinat-
ing and restrictive uses of, 124; inter-
rogative, 123; indefinite, 125; distribu-
tive, 126; reciprocal, 126; possessive,
127; retain inflexions, 127; used as
adverbs, 175; concord of, 233; syntax
of relative, 234

Prosody, definition of, 34; not a part of
grammar, 35
Punctuation, rules for, 266

Sir, 82

Slavonic languages, 26
So, adverb, syntax of, 258
Solecism, definition of, 233

Sounds, elementary, in English, 46;
consonants, 38; vowels, 38; mutes, 41;
sonants and surds, 40; not sounded
together, 48; spirants, 41; sibilants, 41;
trills, 41; thin, middle, and aspirate, 52;
classified according to vocal organs,
41: dropped or added to save trouble,
49; transposition of, 50; significant, or
words, represented in writing, 53
Spanish influence on English language, 6
Spelling in English, difficulties accounted
for, 57; phonetic, 55

Spinster, 80

-ster, 80

Stocks, meaning of, 24

Subject of sentence, definition of, 198;
different kinds of, 200; enlargement
of, 201; ellipsis of, 68, 199

Subjunctive mood, forms of, 140; uses
of, 141, 248

Subordinate clauses, 184

Such, 123,

Suffixes, definition of, 190; list of impor
tant, 191

Tenues, 52

Teutonic tribes, Jutes, Saxons, and
Angles were, 3; meaning of name, 3;
stock, English belongs to, 25
Than, syntax of, 257; with relative, 257
That, the tin, 119; how to determine its
part of speech, 122; its restrictive use
as relative, 124, 238; conjunctive, 123;
omission of, 261

The, 104; uses of, 106; adverbial use of,
174; syntax of, 232

-ther, comparative suffix, 112, 126

There, with verb preceding subject, 206
Thi, 174

Third, 104

This, 119

Thorn, the letter, 58

Thou, old uses of, 118

Thy and thine, 127

To, before infinitive, 143; omitted from

some verbs, 143

Trills, 41

-trix, feminine suffix, 80

Turkish language, 26

Twelve, 104

U, vowel sounds of, 44; diphthongal 43;
distinguished from letter v, 59

Umlaut, 49

-un, prefix, 193

Uncouth, 167

Utter, comparative adjective, 112

Verbs, definition of, 129; transitive and
intransitive, 130; intransitive used as
transitive, 131; converted to transitive
by preposition, 131; converted to causa-
tive, 132; transitive used as intransi-
tive, 132; causative, 132; of incomplete
predication, 132; neuter, 133; auxil-
iary, 133, 164; notional, 133; neuter,
133; impersonal, 134; inflexions of,
135; voice, 136; active and passive,
136; alternative passive constructions,
137; retained object with passives, 138;
quasi-passive, 138; mood, 138; indica-
tive, 139; imperative, 139; subjunctive,

decay of, 140; uses of, 141, 248; tests
for, 142; infinitive, 143; resembles
noun, 143; simple and gerundial, 143;
forms in -ing, 144; gerund, 145; parti-
ciples, 146; table of forms, 148; tenses,
149; mark time and completeness, 149;
simple and compound, 139; table of,
149; perfect continuous, 150; so called,
150; mode of formation of, 150; perfect
and imperfect, 151; advantages of our
mode of marking, 151; uses of present
indefinite, 151; weak and strong, 153;
used as adverbs, 175; number, 152;
person, 152; conjugation of, 159; de-
fective, 164; suffixes of, 193; syntax
of, 240; concord of, 240; with collec-
tive nouns, 240; with plurals used as
singulars, 240; implying futurity, syn-
tax of, 245

Verbal noun, the infinitive a, 143; forms
in -ing, 144

Verse, definition of, 35
Vixen, 80

Vocative, 94, 218; in analysis, 206
Voice, 136

Vowels, definition of, 38; enumeration
of, 44

Why, 174

Widower, 82

Will, 166; syntax of, 243

Wit, defective verb, 170

Witenagemot shows old genitive plural
form, 98
Wizard, 82
Woman, 82

Words, definition of, 61; number in dic-
tionary, 15; in use, 15; Keltic, 9;
Danish, 18; Latin, 10; from miscella
neous sources, 18; ways of classifying,
62; disguised in form, 190
Worse, III

Worth, defective verb, 170

X, a redundant letter, 47

Y, semi-vowel, 42; plural of nouns end-
ing in, 86

Ye and you, 119
Ye for the, 58
Yes, 173
You, 117

Your, yours, 127
Yourself, 120