name is unexpressed :- - Her removal, The possess. case of a noun or pron., &c.

Removal, comm. noun., neut., sing., object.: Regret removal, The direct obj. of a trans. verb, &c.

For, conjunct. We regret for she taught, Conjunctions combine, &c. She, pers. pron., fem., sing., nomin. representing, &c.: - She taught, The subj. of a pers. verb, &c.

Taught, irreg. verb trans., indic., past, 3rd pers. sing. : A pers. verb agrees, &c.

She taught,

Music, comm. noun, neut., sing., object. : — Taught music, The direct obj. of a trans, verb, &c.

And, conjunct. :— Music and drawing, Conjunctions combine, &c.
Drawing, comm., noun, neut., sing,, object.:

direct obj. of a trans. verb, &c.

Taught drawing, The

Very, adv. of degree: - Very successfully, An adv. relates to the verb, &c.

Successfully, adv. of manner :— ·Taught successfully, An adv. relates, &c.

EXERCISES.

Goshen lay between Egypt and Canaan. White watery clouds still hung in the sky. Scott immediately rose from his couch, and walked up and down the room. Here stands the oak. Meekness and majesty unite in Moses' character. You argue so intemperately, that I decline all further discussion. Art, glory, freedom fail, but nature still is fair. Come, you and I have a pretty* long journey before us. As you expressed a wish for the papers, we now send them to you. You were at Oxford, if I mistake not. In this dialogue, my wife, the chaplain, and I, soon joined. The Britons then asserted their own independence, which they preserved for nearly fifty years. The situation or some striking feature of a place in which the Saxons established themselves, readily suggested the geographical name. Be much more thoughtful about religious than about worldly interests.

* Our adverb pretty is probably traced to the French prés de, near to.

CHAP. VI.

THE INFINITIVE MODE.

Rule 10. THE infinitive mode may be governed by a verb, an adjective, or a noun; as, "I desire to go;" "I am desirous to go;" "I have a desire to go."

Rule 11. The infinitive mode, omitting its sign, may form a compound verb with one of the auxiliaries - May, Can, Shall, Will, Must, and Do; as, "People may think that I should retaliate, but I will not do so."

1. Although the infinitive mode, with its sign, is probably the verb used like a noun, and governed by the preposition to, the mode and its sign are usually parsed as one expression constituting the infinitive. Only, it must be remembered, that the word to is not a necessary part of the infinitive; thus, the infinitive of the verb go is either go or to go, as in the equivalent assertions, "I would have you go," and "I would have you to go." There are, however, but few exceptions to the general occurrence of the sign; the principal ones being specified in Rule 11th.

2. Verbs that govern the infinitive are rarely transitive, unless an objective case of a noun or pronoun is also governed. In the example, "They requested him to attend," the transitive verb requested governs the objective case him, and also the infinitive to attend.

3. The verbs, bid, feel, hear, let, make, need, see, behold, and dare (when it is intransitive, signifying to venture), are often found governing an infinitive without the sign; as,

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*The sign to is usually retained after the passives of some of these verbs; as, They were heard to exclaim;" "He was seen to enter." But the verb let, used passively, requires the suppression of to; as, "The rope was let go."

"I dare vouch for his honesty ;""They need not depart;" "We heard him say

it."

4. The 11th Rule is required in syntactical parsing, only when the constituent parts of the compound verb are referred to separately, which, however, should be the usual practice; naming the compound verb as a tense or a mode should be either merely occasional, or else additional to the analysis.

5. In the annexed example is exhibited a model of parsing, in which the syntactical relations are merely referred to, This style may be often allowed, as sufficiently descriptive of the grammatical features of a

sentence.

Examp. Mr. Green may be here, although you did not ask him to come at six.

Mr., comm. noun, contracted form, sing., used as an adject., attributing masc. gender to the name Green.

Green, proper noun, masc., sing., nomin. to the verb may.

May, auxil. verb, indic., pres., 3rd pers. sing., agreeing with its nomin. Mr. Green.

Be, neut. verb, infin. governed by may, or forming, with may, a comp. verb, potential mode, pres., 3rd pers. sing., agreeing with its nomin. Mr. Green.

Here, adv. of place, modifying be.

Although, conjunct., combining the preceding and following clauses. You, pers. pron., 2nd pers., indef. gender, plur. form, nomin. to did. Did, verb auxil. to ask, indic., past, 2nd pers. plur., agreeing with its nomin. you.

Not, adv. of negation, modifying did.

Ask, trans. verb, infin. gov. by did, or forming, with did, a comp. verb, indic., past, 2nd pers. plur. &c.

Him, pers. pron., 3rd pers., masc., sing., object. gov. by ask.

To come, intrans. verb, infin., gov. by ask.

At, prep., expressing relation between come and six.

Six, comm. noun, neut., sing., object. gov. by at.

EXERCISES.

He must have a right to expect remuneration. I may trust that no Englishman of the present day will venture to deny these assertions. The Britons now requested the Saxons to depart; but the latter refused to quit a country so attractive. No man can

love falsehood for its own sake. We should endeavour to improve daily in virtue and useful knowledge. We ought to love our enemies, and to pray for them. Need I mention Howard, ever anxious to alleviate human misery? Sound thought and well matured reflection could have no share in such performances. Can Rolla's words add vigour to the virtuous energies which inspire your hearts? Do not let slip this opportunity, for you may never have such another. This disappointment shall not subdue my courage, though it will make me use greater caution. The absurdity of some of these opinions, and the uncertain foundation of others, cannot escape detection. Am I to consider myself free to accept or reject that grave proposal?

CHAP. VII.

PARTICIPLES WITH AUXILIARIES.

Rule 12. THE auxiliary verb Have forms a compound verb by the addition of a perfect participle; as, "All Europe has borne testimony to his merit;" "Have you written the letter?"

Rule 13. The auxiliary verb Be forms a compound verb by the addition of a perfect or an imperfect participle; as, "The letter is written;" "I am writing another letter;" "The parcel is to be forwarded to-morrow."

1. The nature of the compound verbs here referred to has been explained in the preceding part of this Treatise; and the reference which we now make to them is occasioned by the expediency of having a syntactical Rule describing the office of each word in a compound verb.

2. Those who take the parts of a compound verb together, as forming one mood or tense, will call the perfect participle, along with have, the perfect tense; thus, in the first ex

ample given with Rule 12th, the compound expression has borne will be parsed as the 3rd pers. sing., perfect tense, indic., of the verb bear, agreeing with its nom. Europe. In like manner, the imperfect participle, along with be, will be called a progressive form, and am writing will be parsed as the 1st pers. sing., present progressive tense, indic. of the verb write, agreeing with its nomin. I.

The perfect participle, along with be, constitutes what some call the passive voice of the principal verb; and the expression to be forwarded will sometimes be parsed as the infinitive mode, passive voice, of the verb forward, governed by the verb is; the tenses of the passive voice being named by those of the auxiliary.

3. It is more consistent, however, with the grammatical character of our language, to parse the auxiliary and principal verbs separately by etymology, and conjointly by syntax.

The perfect participle might be shown to be, in all cases, a verbal adjective; but when it is preceded by the auxiliary have, its meaning certainly has a preponderance of the verbal force. The same, perhaps, may be said generally of the imperfect participle with the auxiliary be.

The perfect participle, however, when connected with be, has always a passive signification, and yields most readily to be regarded as an adjective, describing a state produced by some one. Like the imperfect participle, it occurs frequently without the auxiliary, thus assuming more distinctly the character of an adjective; as in the example, "The books taken to town were lost," that is, "The books that were taken," &c. There is, therefore, no expediency in recognising a passive voice in our language.*

4. The subjoined example exhibits the most approved method of parsing compound verbs; the syntax, however, being merely referred to as in last example.

* There is a host of respectable grammarians unanimous in the rejection of a passive voice from the English verb.