This is indeed nothing more than the law would have done before, provided Henry the Fourth had been a rightful king.

Blackstone.

There and in the country round they remained (either for that their whole number was not assembled, or because there were not ships enough ready to pass them over, though the wind and weather would have served well,) till the town was taken. Southey.

We derive some acquaintance with the state of education in this age, from the writings of John Sturm, than whom scarce any one more contributed to the cause of letters in Germany.

My brother had but justice,

In that he did the thing for which he died.

66

Hallam.

Shakspeare.

"A journey from London," means a journey having its commencement at London ;" and the word from has a double reference, a reference as well to the journey as to the place at which it begins. Lumsden.

The outermost of the planetary globes of which we have spoken, is so far from the sun, that the central luminary must appear to the inhabitants of that planet, if any there are, no larger than Venus does to us. Whewell.

Of this royal family king James the First was the direct lineal heir, and therefore united in his person every possible claim by hereditary right to the English as well as Scottish throne, being the heir both of Egbert and William the Conqueror. Blackstone.

But whether thus these things, or whether not;
Whether the sun, predominant in heaven,
Rise on the earth, or earth rise on the sun;-
Solicit not thy thoughts with matters hid.

Milton.

After sitting a quarter of an hour, we came away, well pleased to see our friend quite unbroken in spirit, and, though bowed down a little by the blast, and here and there a branch the less, as sturdy in the trunk as ever. Lockhart.

I will not let thee go, except thou bless me. Though he became poor, yet he continued honest. You had perished, but for my assistance. We chose you rather than him. We have no doubt that he is but little inferior to yourself. It were folly to think of returning. This you should remember, that you shall reap according as you sow. Misc.

CHAP. IX.

THE INFINITIVE MODE.

1. THE sign to relates the infinitive mode to almost any part of speech, and was originally, in all probability, a preposition governing the verb, and adapted to express almost any sort of relation between the verbal object and a preceding word or phrase. We now regard the sign as an integral part of the infinitive, and consider that both words may be jointly governed by some preceding word expressed or understood.

The sense will readily suggest a governing word that may be understood; and it will often happen that, in accordance with that reference to futurity which the infinitive very frequently includes, some such word as destined may be supplied. Thus, "A structure soon to fall" means one destined to fall soon.

2. Formerly, the preposition for was in many instances prefixed as a governing word to the infinitive mode; as, “I went up to Jerusalem for to worship." This preposition may still occasionally be supplied in parsing; as, "I was not foolish enough (for) to think so;" "They procured timber (for) to repair the ship." Instead of for, in the latter of these examples, the phrase in order, or with a view, might be understood.

We do not now admit the expression of any preposition, governing merely an infinitive, excepting about, when it is used, as a word of French origin, to signify at the point, or ready; as, "We were about to depart."

3. We admit, however, the expression of the preposition for, to govern an objective and infinitive together; as, "The passage was too difficult for me to translate." In such constructions, the object with an infinitive verb has the effect of a subject with a finite verb; the sense of the

above example being

"The passage was too difficult for

that I should translate it."

In this explanation, the pronoun it is supplied, as the import of the verb is transitive. For illustration of this, consider the twofold meaning of the sentence "It is difficult for me to translate;" - here the pronoun it may be intended as inceptive, referring to the task of translation generally; in which case, the words signify - "To translate is difficult for "otherwise the pronoun it refers to some particular book, passage, or expression, which is found difficult; in which case the words signify— "The language is difficult for me to translate it." The former sense makes the verb intransitive, the latter makes it transitive. Compare the expression "A mark to shoot at," that is, for people to shoot at it.

me;

4. The conjunction as often connects an infinitive with a finite verb; as, "I was not so foolish as to think so." In such instances, and in many others, the infinitive has the effect of an indirect assertion; the above example being equivalent to "I was not so foolish as that I should think so."

5. When a word governing the infinitive implies reference to the future, we should not employ what is called the perfect infinitive. Thus it is wrong to say, "I expected to have gone;" "His intention to have been one of the party:" -We should say, "I expected to go"- "His intention

to be."

6. EXERCISES.

Sophistry, to prevent detection, must shelter herself in obscurity. Dr. Campbell.

It is no strange thing for a fair morning and a foul evening to fall on the same day. South.

No Israelite was foolish enough to ascribe to the rod the power of dividing the sea. Foster.

In the room of these, others were sent to Piræus, so as to make up a number equal to that of the Peloponnesian squadron.

Thirlwall.

My sensations were too violent to permit my attempting her Goldsmith.

rescue.

Their proficiency was such as to excite the admiration of every

It might be very romantic for a man to reckon on effecting such designs with respect to others, as it may be reasonable to meditate for himself. Foster.

He had concerted the whole plan which was now about to be put into immediate execution. Thirlwall.

The three great arms of war are infantry, cavalry, and artillery. Each has its own part to perform, and each performs it best, when a skilful leader so arranges that it shall secure the support of the other two.

Gleig.

The design of acquiring immense riches, or becoming the commander of an army, or a person of high official importance in national affairs, must in its progress be dependent on other men in incalculably too many points and ways, for a considerate man to presume that he shall be fortunate in them all. Foster.

The number was large enough to conciliate those who had apprehended, that the oligarchy to be prescribed to them was to be formed on a much narrower foundation. Thirlwall.

Either to disenthrone the King of heaven
We war, if war be best, or to regain
Our own right lost: Him to unthrone we then
May hope, when everlasting fate shall yield
To fickle chance, and Chaos judge the strife:
The former, vain to hope, argues as vain

The latter.

Milton.

The talking gentleman had so much consideration for the company, as to promise them another story, which should be altogether as diverting, as the former one had been mournful. Cumberland.

There are too many parties to please. We were quite at a loss how to dispose of them. We purposed to go to Cambridge last Tuesday, but it was impossible for James to get away. We had had too much experience not to know the danger. That work must have been very tedious for one man to execute. He certainly was not to blame. The child is rather young to walk. I hope you were not so unkind as to deny him the favour. Misc.

CHAP. X.

THE PARTICIPLE PASSIVE.

1. WE formerly remarked that only transitive verbs properly admit of a passive use of their perfect participles:No other verbs allow the agent or nominative to be converted into an objective governed by the preposition by, and following the perfect participle; thus, "He deceived me;" "I was deceived by him."

But, as a verb, not transitive by itself, may sometimes, when united with a following preposition, be equivalent to a transitive verb; we shall find peculiar passive forms arising out of this equivalence. The verb smile, for example, is never transitive; we cannot smile any object; but we may smile at or on an object; we can say "Fortune smiled on him ;" and the joint effect of this verb and preposition is evidently that of a verb transitive. Therefore, although we cannot say "He was smiled by fortune," because to smile is a verb intransitive, yet we can say "He was smiled on by fortune," because to smile-on is equivalent to a verb transitive.

In parsing such an expression, we should include the verb and preposition under the denomination of a compound participle passive. This will be quite as proper as to call the verb overstepped a passive in the assertion, "The boundary was overstepped by him," equivalent to "He stepped over the boundary," or, "The boundary was stepped over by him."

2. Analogous to the above usage is such phraseology as the following; "This was taken advantage of by the enemy;" in which sentence, to take advantage of is treated as one transitive verb, and is, with its objective noun in the midst of it, collectively thrown into the passive form.