Such a style, compared with the more manly elocution of Cicero, we call effeminate. Dr. Campbell.

It could not be expected, that the elder and more copious fountain of ancient lore, the Greek language, would slake the thirst of Italian scholars. Hallam.

Here a good many shots were fired.

Gleig.

It is not the authority of any one person, or of a few, be they ever so eminent, that can establish one form of speech in preference to another.

Priestley.

His discourse frequently turns on subjects, from the discussion of which, though I am somewhat afraid to engage in it, I always find myself the wiser. Mackenzie.

The fewer men, the greater share of honour.

Shakspeare.

Though Milton is most distinguished for his sublimity, yet there is also much of the beautiful, the tender, and the pleasing, in many parts of his work.

Blair.

It is not on hearts that yield the soonest, that sorrow has the most powerful effects. Mackenzie.

O, what a noble heart was here undone;

When Science' self destroyed her favourite son! Byron.

The sick in body call for aid; the sick

In mind are covetous of more disease.

Young.

The temptation of so rich a prize soon induced Edward to approach it.

Hume.

There was no regular press in either university at this time, though a very few books had been printed in each.

A few - but few

- there are, who in the mind Perpetual source of consolation find;

The weaker many to the world will come

Hallam.

For comforts seldom to be found from home.

Crabbe.

A moralist and poet of the last century was mentioned. Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy. Many a sun has risen and set. Both the results are erroneous. He had a little money remaining. America separates the Atlantic and Pacific The passages which relate to Cato are the most conspicuous and the noblest. Misc.

oceans.

CHAP. IV.

THE RELATIVE.

1. THE relative which may have a verb, an adjective, or a clause for its antecedent; as, "If you did not say it, you meant it, which is the same thing;" "You said I was angry, which I was not."

This construction partly results from the permission to use verbs and clauses in the manner of nouns; for the relative pronoun implies a substitute for a noun. When, however, an adjective is the antecedent, the relative may be regarded as an adjective substitute; for, in reality, which would on all occasions admit of being parsed as a definitive adjective to a noun expressed or understood.

2. The relative in the objective case is frequently suppressed; but its omission, when a nominative, though sometimes exemplified in poetry, is not to be imitated. Thus; "Is this the book you mentioned?" that is, which you mentioned; ""Tis he directs our course;" that is, who directs.

3. The antecedent is sometimes omitted; as, "Who steals my purse, steals trash;" that is, he who steals; "Take which you like;" that is, the one or ones which.

The antecedent omitted is sometimes so indefinite as to leave the gender and number of the relative uncertain; as, "I wonder who told him;" that is, as to the one or ones who. This observation may extend to the interrogatives who and which; as, "Who told you?" that is, "Tell me the one or ones who told you," or "I wish to know the one," &c.

The antecedent to the relative that is not now omitted, though in older writings we find instances of this omission; as, "There is that scattereth and yet increaseth;" "To do always that is righteous."

4. What may often be parsed as a definitive adjective; but it is generally requisite to regard it as a compound

relative, comprehending both antecedent and relative, and resolvable into the thing or things, which; as, "I know what you mean; "What is decreed must be done;" "What you have done cannot be undone;""I heard what was said." In the first of these examples, what is resolvable into the thing which, namely, an antecedent in the objective governed by know and a relative in the objective governed by mean; otherwise, we might parse what as a definitive pronoun in the objective governed by mean, and consider the three words, what you mean, as an objective clause governed by know. In the other examples, what will be found resolvable into two nominatives, a nominative and objective, and an objective and nominative, respectively.

What is occasionally found used in an adverbial way, having nearly the sense of partly; as, “What with fatigue, and what with fasting, he was quite exhausted;" that is, by what extent.

The compounds whoever, whatever, &c., are compound relatives, and may be parsed according to the explanations given of the word what. Thus; "Whoever offends will be punished," means "Any one, or every one, who offends."

5. Who, as an interrogative, is sometimes antecedent to a relative; in which case, that is the relative employed, to avoid the awkward repetition of who; as, "Who that has any honour, would thus advise me?” The relative that is further appropriate, in this instance, from its closeness of relation to the antecedent, a reason which likewise has to do with the usual choice of that as a relative to such words as same, all, much, &c.; as, " He got all that I had."

6. The relative that is never governed by a preposition, unless the preposition be either at a distance or understood: -We cannot say "The person with that I am acquainted;" but "The person that I am acquainted with." We cannot say "The time during that you have been absent;" but "The time that (or which) you have been absent."

7. The adverb where has sometimes the simple meaning of its involved relative which; namely, in such expressions as wherein, whereby, wherefore, equivalent to in which, by which, for which. These compounds may sometimes be parsed as adverbial expressions, but it is occasionally requisite to resolve them.

The words hereby, therein, thereof, thereupon*, &c. are similar.

8. The conjunction as has come, by ellipsis, to have occasionally the office of a relative; thus, "Such as were admitted" is an abridgement of "Such as they who were admitted." When as is a relative, its antecedent is generally the pronominal word such, or same, or else some adjective modified by the adverb as, or so; but sometimes as, like what, is a compound relative. Thus ; "You said the same as I did;" "As many as came were admitted;" "The views are different, as has been clearly shown;" that is, a thing which has.

9. The relative should be placed as near to its antecedent, as is requisite to avoid ambiguity. It is needless, therefore, to debate whether "I am the man that love you," or "I am the man that loves you," is the more correct diction; the latter undoubtedly is so; for, if the collocation of words is to be reckoned good English, the noun man, being nearest to the relative, should be the antecedent, and, being of the third person, transfers that person to the relative and verb. "I that love you am the man" is another correct form, the relative and verb receiving a transfer of the first person from the antecedent pronoun.

"Compositions of this sort with dissyllabic prepositions are now mostly obsolete, and it would be silly to attempt to revive them; but with several of the monosyllabic prepositions they are still used."— Campbell's Philos. of Rhetoric, b. iii. ch. iv., where the utility of such compounds is vindicated. See also Booth's Gram. p. 199.

10. EXERCISES.

What ardently we wish, we soon believe.

You have done that you should be sorry for.

Young.

Shakspeare.

In great villanies, there is often such a mixture of the fool as quite spoils the whole project of the knave. South.

Who that has the least spark of imagination, sees not how languid the latter expression is? Dr. Campbell.

Happiness and misery are the names of two extremes, the utmost bounds whereof we know not. Locke.

What you have done hath not offended me.

Shakspeare.

It is the law, not I, condemns your brother.

Shakspeare.

The views of the Samaritans might have been just what they were, although the Gentiles had been left - which never was their

Who would not give a trifle, to prevent

What he would give a thousand worlds to cure? Young.
Seem you that you are not?

Shakspeare.

It is requisite to have recourse to whatever excitements or devices may serve to accelerate the process of learning.

I. Taylor.

Veneration is now dissipated by such wickedness and folly as

can neither be defended nor concealed. Johnson.

It is certain that the relative levels of land and water have not always been the same as they are now. Moseley.

Wherefore should these good news make me sick?

Shakspeare.

In the same mode and upon the same principle that domestic traffic is carried on within the society, an external commerce is established with other nations. Robertson.

Some dwell minutely upon what to others would appear frivolous and uninteresting. Aikin.

What credit James gave to this representation does not appear. Hume.

The purest treasure mortal times afford

There was, therefore, which is all that we assert, a course of life pursued by them, different from that which they before led.

Paley.