Prior to 1908 congresses of a scientific character had been held at irregular intervals at which only representatives of the Latin-American republics were present, but in that year the first Pan-American scientific congress assembled at Santiago, Chile, at which nineteen republics, including the United States, were represented. The second congress was held at Washington in 1915-16, at which delegates from all the American republics were in attendance.

The scientific congresses have been instrumental in bringing together the leaders of scientific and educational thought of the republics of the American continent. The interchange of views and opinions which takes place at these meetings and the contacts established between the scientists and educators of the American republics are of great importance in the development of closer cultural and economic ties between the countries of the western hemisphere.

Reports received from Lima indicate that the forthcoming congress will be fully as important as its two predecessors. At the meeting held at Santiago, in 1908, ten associations and institutions of the United States sent delegates to the congress and in all probability as large a delegation will go to Lima in December.

The work of the congress will be sub-divided into sections devoted to anthropology and history; physics and mathematics; mining, metallurgy and applied chemistry; engineering; medicine and sanitation; biology and agriculture; private, public and international law; economics and sociology, and education.

GEOLOGY AT THE TORONTO MEETING OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION

AMONG Overseas geologists who will be present at the Toronto meeting of the British Association are the following:

President of Section C-W. W. Watts, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., professor of geology, Imperial College of Science and Technology and foreign secretary of the Mineralogical Society, London. Will speak on some phase of economic geology.

Vice-President-Gertrude Elles, D.Sc., Newnham College, Cambridge, former president of Section C, Liverpool meeting.

Recorder-W. T. Gordon, M.A., D.Sc., F.G.S., professor of geology, King's College, London.

F. A. Bather, M.A., D.Sc., F.G.S., F.R.S., head of the department of geology, British Museum.

P. G. H. Boswell, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., professor of geology in the University of Liverpool.

Arthur Hubert Cox, professor of geology in University College, Cardiff.

J. S. Flett, O.B.E., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., director of the geological survey of Great Britain and the Museum of Practical Geology.

H. L. Hawkins, D.Sc., F.G.S., professor of geology, University College, Reading.

G. Hickling, D.Sc., F.G.S., professor of geology and botany, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Sir Thomas Holland, F.G.S., F.R.S., rector of the Imperial College of Science, London. Delivers one of the evening discourses, during the meeting, on the subject, "The formation and destruction of mineral deposits.''

Owen Thomas Jones, D.Sc., professor of geology in the University of Manchester; formerly of the geological survey of Great Britain.

Sidney Hugh Reynolds, Sc.D., professor of geology in the University of Bristol.

William Johnson Sollas, D.Sc., F.R.S., professor of geology and paleontology in the University of Oxford, and ex-president of the geological society of London.

L. J. Spencer, D.Sc., of the British Museum (Natural History), editor of Transactions of the mineralogical society of London.

W. B. Wright, of the Manchester branch of the geological survey of England.

GIFTS TO HARVARD UNIVERSITY SUPPLEMENTING the report of Bishop Lawrence made to the alumni of Harvard at their annual meeting in which gifts of $9,289,595 to the university were announced, gifts which had come as the result of the university's drive to add to its equipment, President Lowell has announced other bequests to the university amounting to $5,158,000. These include: An anonymous gift of $50,000 for the Arnold Arbo

retum.

From the same donor to found a George Lincoln Goodale Fund in memory of Professor Goodale, to be used for the current expenses of the Botanical Museum, making from that donor $100,000.

From the estate of William Brewster, $60,000, three quarters of it to be used for the payment of the salary of a competent ornithologist and the remainder for the renewal and repair of cases of birds in the museum. From the estate of Harry Butler, $100,000. From the Class of 1903, on account of its 25th Anniversary Fund in the future, $34,500.

From the estate of Joseph R. DeLamar for the Medical School (an additional) $100,000.

From the General Education Board for the Medical School for the endowment of the department of psychiatry and neuropathology, $386,000.

From the estate of A. Paul Keith, unrestricted (an additional) $1,964,000.

From Mr. and Mrs. George A. McKinlock toward the dormitory to be named in memory of their son, George A. McKinlock, Jr. (additional) $55,000.

From the estate of Hiram F. Mills for investigation of cancer, $103,000.

From the estate of William F. Milton $1,030,000. From Miss Susan Minns, the income to be used for the Botanical Museum, $50,000.

A bequest from Mrs. Lewis H. Plympton, $50,000.

From the Rockefeller Foundation for the School of Public Health, $118,000.

From the estate of Miss Annie Blake Shaw, a bequest to found the Samuel Parkman Shaw Fund for loans or gifts to deserving undergraduates, $50,000.

From Galen L. Stone for purchase of the Bruce collections of Chinese paintings for the Fogg Museum, $30,000. From the estate of Morrill Wyman for the Medical School (an additional) almost $40,000.

Other gifts, $784,000.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS

DR. ELIHU THOMSON, one of the founders of the General Electric Company and director of the company's research laboratory at its Lynn works, will receive two honors in England in July. The University of Manchester will confer the honorary degree of doctor of science upon him July 4, and on July 10 he will receive the Lord Kelvin gold medal in London. Professor Thomson is the first American to receive this honor.

THE Belgian Order of Leopold has been bestowed by King Albert on Dr. Leo Hendrik Baekeland, president of the American Chemical Society, and professor of chemical engineering at Columbia University.

AT the meeting of the American Medical Association in Chicago, Dr. William D. Haggard, professor of surgery in Vanderbilt University, was elected to the presidency for the coming year.

DR. GEORGE GRANT MACCURDY, curator of anthropology in Yale University, has been appointed research associate in prehistoric archeology at the university, with professorial rank.

PROFESSOR BORIS WEINBERG has recently been appointed director of the Central Physical Observatory at Leningrad (formerly Petrograd).

THE Council for the American Physiological Association has awarded the Porter fellowship for this year to Dr. Raymond Hausler, instructor in anatomy at the University of Oregon Medical School. Hausler will work in Professor A. J. Carlson's laboratory at the University of Chicago.

Dr.

DR. NORMAN COMBER has been elected to the chair of agricultural chemistry at the University of Leeds, England, in succession to Professor C. Crowther, who is now principal of the Harper Adams Agricultural College.

DR. FREDERICK G. BANTING, of the University of Toronto and discoverer of insulin, received the honorary degrees of doctor of laws and doctor of science from the University of Chicago, the degree of doctor of science from Yale University and the degree of doctor of laws from the Western University of Medicine, Ontario.

PROFESSOR JOHN MERLE COULTER, head of the de partment of botany at the University of Chicago, re ceived the honorary degree of doctor of science at the June commencement of Lake Forest University.

THE University of Pittsburgh conferred at its recent commencement the degree of LL.D. on Dr. William James Mayo, chief of staff of the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, who gave the commencement address; the degree of Sc.D. on Douglas Stewart, director of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, and the degree of Pharm.D. on Edwin Leigh Newcomb, professor of botany in the University of Minnesota.

Ar the meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society on June 13 the gold medal of the society was presented to Professor A. S. Eddington, Plumian professor of astronomy and experimental philosophy in the University of Cambridge.

THE Royal Anthropological Institute has founded a Rivers memorial in memory of Dr. W. H. R. Rivers, who was president of the institute at the time of his death. The medal will be awarded for special meritorious anthropological work in the field. All British subjects and anthropologists of other nations who are fellows of the institute will be eligible.

THE gold medal of the British Medical Association has been awarded to Dr. Henry B. Brackenbury for services to the association and the medical profession.

ALEXANDER G. MCADIE, professor of meteorology at Harvard University and director of the Blue Hill Observatory, has been elected a member of the international cloud committee.

DR. F. H. McMECHAN, secretary general of the American Society of Anesthetists, has been chosen first American honorary member of the section of anesthetists of the Royal Society of Medicine of England.

DR. W. A. MURRILL, supervisor of public instruction at the New York Botanical Garden, has returned from his expedition to South America, where he made stops in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil and British Guiana.

NEIL M. JUDD, curator of American archeology, National Museum, left Washington on May 16 to resume direction of the explorations of the National Geographical Society at Pueblo Bonito. This prehistoric ruin, one of the largest and most important in the southwestern United States, is the most famous unit of the Chaco Canyon National Monument. The society began its explorations in Pueblo Bonito in 1921; it is hoped that the work will be concluded by the end of 1925.

PROFESSOR JULIUS STIEGLITZ, chairman of the department of chemistry at the University of Chicago,

recently gave at Johns Hopkins University a series of lectures on the Charles E. Dohme memorial foundation, his general subject being "Chemistry and recent progress in medicine."

CHARLES A. KOFOID, professor of zoology at the University of California, delivered the commencement address at the University of Washington.

JOHN L. BEAR, an anthropologist of the Smithsonian Institution and a member of the faculty of George Washington University, died on May 28 in Southeastern Panama, where he had gone as a scientific member of the Marsh expedition, which left New York in January to study the so-called "white Indians" of Darien.

DR. BEVERLY ROBINSON, formerly professor of clinical medicine at Bellevue Medical College, New York, died on June 20, aged eighty years.

THE death is announced of Kenneth Mackenzie, reader in agriculture at Cambridge University, late director of the university farm and consultant to the Institute of Animal Nutrition, at the age of fifty-one

years.

DR. ROBERT KENNEDY, St. Mungo professor of surgery in the University of Glasgow since 1911, died on June 3, at the age of fifty-eight years.

DR. S. GABRIEL, honorary professor of chemistry in the University of Berlin, has died at the age of seventy-three years.

DR. RICHARD PALTAUF, director of the Institute of General and Experimental Pathology in Vienna and a well-known writer on the pathology of the blood and diseases of metabolism, has recently died at the age of sixty-seven years.

THE London Mathematical Society recently elected as honorary members the following: L. Bianchi, A. Einstein, J. Hadamard, E. Landau, H. Lebesgue, T. Levi-Civita, L. Prandl and A. Sommerfeld. Four of these eight new honorary members are professors in German universities. The other four are equally divided among the French and the Italian universities. THE American section of the International Mathematical Union has elected the following delegates to represent the United States at a meeting of the union in Toronto, August, 1924: Professors A. B. Coble, L. P. Eisenhart, E. V. Huntington, R. G. D. Richardson, H. L. Rietz and Virgil Snyder.

Ar the April meeting of the Royal Society of Western Australia a proposal was brought forward by the council to institute a gold medal to be awarded from time to time for distinguished and pioneer work in connection with science in the state. The celebration in June of the centenary of the birth of Lord Kelvin was thought a fitting occasion for the inauguration

of this new award. The scheme was approved by the society, and the further proposal was adopted that the first award should be made to W. J. Hancock, D.Sc., for his work in connection with radiography. Dr. Hancock was a pioneer in X-ray work in western Australia, and during a period of 22 years he acted as honorary radiographer for the medical department, the Perth Hospital and the Military Base Hospital, Fremantle.

THE General Electric Company is arranging for a conference of college professors to be held at its Schenectady works from July 7 to August 9. It is the plan to have each physicist spend the greater part of his time in the department in which the work most closely coincides with his interests. Twice a week visits of inspection will be made throughout the plant, followed by round-table conferences with General Electric engineers.

MCGILL UNIVERSITY has received $650,000 from the Rockefeller Foundation for the establishment of a school of public health in connection with the faculty of medicine. The gift will permit of the extension of the department of hygiene and the public health, nursing and Connaught laboratories, which are dealing with the manufacture of insulin.

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY has received from Sir Jeremiah Colman, of St. John's College, the sum of £2,000 for a library for the school of biochemistry.

THE Canadian manufacturers' association has approved the creation of a national institute of scientific research for the Dominion. A fund of $1,000,000 is to be raised.

THE National Association of Audubon Societies has received as a gift from Mrs. Grace Rogers, sister of the late Paul J. Rainey, hunter and explorer, a tract of more than 26,000 acres of marsh lands for a bird sanctuary in Vermilion Parish, Louisiana.

THE Committee on scientific research of the American Medical Association has granted to Dr. Herbert M. Evans, of the University of California, $400 for his work on the anterior hypophyseal hormone.

THE American Roentgen Ray Society has offered a prize of $1,000 to the author of the best piece of original research in the field of the roentgen ray, radium or radioactivity. The competition is open to any one living in the United States or its possessions or elsewhere in the western hemisphere. Work submitted for the prize carries with it the understanding that the subject-matter will remain open to free use for the public good. The prize is offered for the promotion of useful research with the approval of the National Research Council, and to commemorate the name of Dr. Charles Lester Leonard, who was a martyr to the roentgen ray.

AT a meeting on June 3, 1924, the board of directors of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas authorized the establishment of a graduate school and a school of arts and sciences, the latter to be coordinated with the existing schools of agriculture, engineering, veterinary medicine and vocational teaching. Dr. Charles Puryear, for many years dean of the college, was appointed dean of the graduate school, and Charles E. Friley, registrar and secretary of the general faculty, was appointed dean of the school of arts and sciences.

THE St. Mary's Group of Hospitals, comprising six hundred beds, has by agreement become the university hospital of the St. Louis University School of Medicine, the university having full control of the medical and educational activities. The first step in the complete establishment of this relationship has been the organization of the department of medicine on a full-time basis. In addition to the instructors who have been previously conducting the department, the following full-time men have been appointed: Ralph A. Kinsella, professor of medicine and director of the department, formerly associate professor at Washington University; Goronwy O. Broun, associate professor of medicine, formerly instructor of medicine at Harvard University; Charles H. Hitchcock, assistant professor of medicine; Alfred P. Briggs and Octavio Garcia, instructors in medicine.

FOLLOWING the program prepared by the colloid committee of the National Research Council, the second National Colloid Symposium was held in Evanston, Ill., June 18 to 20. More than 250 registered and participated in the social and scientific activities, which included attendance at the June 20 meeting of the Chicago Section of the American Chemical Society. Harry N. Holmes and Ross A. Gortner presided at the symposium meetings.

ACCORDING to Nature, the National Union of Scientific Workers of England has issued a strongly worded circular against the perpetuation of international passions raised by the war by the continued existence of the so-called International Scientific Unions founded in 1919 by the International Research Council and managed by an executive committee of which Sir Arthur Schuster is general secretary. The National Union points out that the council exists not to promote international cooperation but to exclude ex-enemy nations and maintains that it is the desire of the majority of scientific men in Great Britain to ignore the unions so established. It instances the recent genuinely international physiological congress at Edinburgh and psychological congress at Oxford as signs of the growing opposition to the policy of the Research Council.

RESEARCH plans are now being formulated in the Forest Service for the establishment of a forest ex

periment station in the Pacific Northwest to handle the forestry problems of Washington and Oregon. The more pressing problems of the Pacific Northwest have to do with the growth, management and protection of the Douglas fir and coastal forest types, as well as with the management of the yellow pine forests on the eastern side of the Cascade range. This new station will be on a par with those established a year ago in the Lake States and the northeastern forest regions. Plans are also under way for a material enlargement of the forest research work in the southern pine region. The work in the south has been under way for three years, but this year, due to an increase in the appropriation given the Forest Service for research, it will be possible to make this station the largest of all the experiment stations the Forest Service is now operating. The problems of the southern pine region are those involved in the production of naval stores, the proper forest management of the southern pine forest, the rate of growth of young trees following cutting, the establishment of reproduction and the influence of fire upon rate of growth.

THE faculty of applied science, having in charge the Schools of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry of Columbia University, has introduced important new courses into the program of study and has established closer cooperation with the Columbia University School of Business in municipal engineering. Cooperation has also been brought about with the National Institute of Public Administration, formerly the Bureau of of the Mining Research. Students in Columbia University civil engineering course will be able to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the National Institute of Public Administration in courses for the training of the modern city

manager.

UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL

NOTES

GIFTS and pledges totaling $2,719,000 for buildings and endowment funds, made to Yale University during the university year 1923-24, were announced at the commencement exercises. In addition gifts of Yale alumni to the university this year reached a total of nearly half a million dollars.

PROFESSOR MARK E. PENNY, of the school of education at Ohio State University, has been elected president of James Millikin University.

DR. A. Ross HILL, of Kansas City, formerly president of the University of Missouri, has been elected president of the University of Oklahoma.

DR. HAROLD ALBERT WILSON, professor of physics in the Rice Institute, Texas, has been appointed to the chair of natural philosophy in Glasgow University.

GEORGE C. FRACKER, dean and head of the depart

ment of psychology at the University of Dubuque, has been appointed professor of psychology and philosophy at the University of Arkansas.

DR. ASA A. SCHAEFFER, of Clark University, has been appointed professor of zoology at the University of Kansas.

R. C. RICHARDS, formerly of Trinity College, Cambridge, and fellow of the Institute of Physics, has been appointed Quain lecturer in physics at University College, London.

DR. HENRY BLUMBERG, professor of mathematics at the University of Illinois, is to be on leave of absence during the academic year 1924–25.

HERBERT A. ROGERS, research assistant professor at the University of Minnesota, will be associate professor of psychology at the University of Vermont next year.

DR. WALTER C. KRAATZ, now acting professor of zoology at Miami University, has been elected to the position of assistant professor of biology at the University of Akron.

DR. BRUCE HOUSTON has been appointed assistant professor of chemistry in the University of Oklahoma.

APPOINTMENTS at Brigham Young University have been made as follows: Dr. Milton Marshall, of the University of Chicago, assistant professor of physics; Dr. Carl F. Eyring, of the California Institute of Technology, dean of the college of arts and sciences, and L. John Nuttall, Jr., director of training schools at the university, dean of the college of education.

DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE ON THE PROPER WORDING OF THE TITLES OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS WHEN Dr. H. H. Donaldson published, in SCIENCE for February 23, 1917, a note entitled "More complete titles," I was too inexperienced in bibliography to appreciate fully its meaning and value. In this note he specifically suggested that there be included the name of the animal, scientific or common or both, and some indication of the group to which it belonged. However, in June of that same year I began work on

Volume III of Dr. Bashford Dean's "Bibliography of

Fishes," and in 1919, by reason of the lamented death of the talented Dr. Charles R. Eastman, I became the active editor of that work. The marked feature of Volume III is its elaborate and minutely subdivided subject index, and in my part of this I had not gone very far when the incompleteness and misleading wording of a great number of the titles of ichthyological works became painfully apparent.

As our work here progressed, a series of articles bearing more or less directly upon the subject at hand was published in SCIENCE. In the issue for September 3, 1920, Mr. Neil M. Stevens, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, wrote on "The obligation of the investigator to the library." And in that of September 30 of the same year, Mr. Gordon S. Fulcher, of the Corning Glass Works, discussed "Scientific abstracting," as a great time-saver to the researcher.

More to our purpose, however, was the article of Miss Eunice R. Oberley, librarian of the Bureau of Plant Industry, on "Abstracts and titles of scientific articles from the librarian's standpoint," in SCIENCE for November 18, 1921. In this she made a strong plea for such clear and definite titles as will enable the librarian or bibliographer quickly and accurately to catalogue the article so that the investigator must find it in his search for the literature.

Next (SCIENCE, August 25, 1922) came the outstanding article by Mr. W. W. Bishop, formerly superintendent of the reading room of the Library of Congress and at present librarian of the University of Michigan, on "The record of science." In this Mr. Bishop made it very clear that "bibliography is the foundation of research." Later, this article was very effectively commented on by Mr. K. C. Walker in SCIENCE under date of October 13.

And lastly I spoke on the subject before the American Society of Zoologists at Cambridge on December 28, 1922, and published in its Proceedings in the Anatomical Record of January, 1923, a short abstract entitled "The proper wording of scientific titles."

These various articles would indicate that the matters of abstracting and bibliography, and the proper wording of titles on which they are vitally dependent, are very much in the minds of librarians and bibliographers. Furthermore, the botanists and zoologists are likewise becoming interested, for the Union of Biological Societies of America is even now considering the founding of an abstract and bibliographical journal.

Volume III of the "Bibliography of Fishes" is now done and has been distributed. The outstanding section of this volume is the Subject Index in which the 45,000 titles in Volumes I and II and in the Addenda in Volume III have been minutely analyzed and then

brought together, likes with likes. This has been a prodigious undertaking, but we who have done it believe that we have produced the most efficient tool ever made for the use of ichthyologists, and for librarians and bibliographers seeking certain definite references in fish literature. This has been done at great cost of time, labor and money. The time has been increased by many months, the monetary cost by thousands of dollars, and the labor infinitely by defective