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2. Prevention; preoccupation. This sense is now out of use.

Whatever hath been thought on in this state, That could be brought to bodily act ere Rome Had circumvention. Shakspeare. To CIRCUMVE'ST. v. a. [circumvestio, Lat.] To cover round with a garment. Who on this base the earth didst firmly found, And mad'st the deep to circumvest it round.

Wotton. CIRCUMVOLA'TION. n. s. [from circumvolo, Lat.] The act of flying round. To CIRCUMVO'LVE. v. a. [circumvolvo, Lat.] To roll round; to put into a circular motion.

Could solid orbs be accommodated to phænomena; yet to ascribe each sphere an intelligence to circumvolve it, were unphilosophical. Glanv. CIRCUMVOLUTION. n. s. [circumvolutus, Lat.]

1. The act of rolling round.

2. The state of being rolled round.

The twisting of the guts is really either a circumvolution, or insertion of one part of the gut Arbuthnot. within the other.

3. The thing rolled round another.

Consider the obliquity or closeness of these circumvolutions; the nearer they are, the higher Wilkins. may be the instrument. CIRCUS.

n. s. [circus, Latin.] An open space or area for sports, with seats round for the spectators. A pleasant valley, like one of those circuses, which in great cities somewhere doth give a Sidney. pleasant spectacle of running horses.

The one was about the cirque of Flora, the other upon the Tarpeian mountain. Stilling fleet. See, the cirque falls! th' unpillar'd temple nods! Streets pav'd with heroes, Tyber choak'd with gods. Pope. CIST. n. s. [cista, Latin.] A case; a tegument: commonly used in medicinal language for the coat or enclosure of a

tumour.

CI'STED. adj. [from cist.] Enclosed in a cist or bag.

CI'STERN. n. s. [cisterna, Latin.]

1. A receptacle of water for domestick

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We bring you now to show what different

things

The cits or clowns are from the court of kings. Johnson. Study your race; or the soil of your family will dwindle into cits or squires, or run up into wits or madmen. Tatler. Barnard, thou art a cit, with all thy worth; But Bug and D-1, their honours, and so forth. Pope. CITADEL. n. s. [citadelle, French.] A fortress; a castle, or place of arms, in a city.

As he came to the crown by unjust means, as unjustly he kept it; by force of stranger soldiers in citadels, the nests of tyranny and murderers of liberty. Sidney I'll to my charge, the citadel, repair. Dryden. CITAL. n. s. [from cite.]

1. Reproof; impeachment.

He made a blushing cital of himself, And chid his truant youth. Shakspeart 2. Summons; citation; call into a court. 3. Quotation; citation. CITATION. n. s. [citatio, Latin.] 1. The calling a person before the judge,

for the sake of trying the cause of action commenced against him. Ayliffe 2. Quotation; the adduction of any pas

sage from another author, or of another man's words.

3. The passage or words quoted; a quotation.

4.

The letter-writer cannot read these citations without blushing, after the charge he hath advanced. Atterbury, View the principles in their own authors, and not in the citations of those who would confute Watti. them.

Enumeration; mention.

These causes effect a consumption endemick to this island: there remains a citation of such Harvy. as may produce it in any country. CITATORY. adj. [from To cite.] Har ing the power or form of citation.

If a judge cite one to a place, to which be cannot come with safety, he may freely appeal, though an appeal be inhibited in the letters tatory. Ayliffe's Parerge To CÍTE. v. a. [cito, Latin.] 1. To summon to answer in a court. He held a late court, to which She oft was cited by them, but appear'd not.

Forthwith the cited dead,

Of all past ages, to the general doom
Shall hasten.

Shakspeart.

Milton

This power of citing, and dragging the de fendant into court, was taken away.

Aylif 2. To enjoin; to call upon another au thoritatively; to direct; to summon.

I speak to you, sir Thurio;
For Valentine, I need not cite him to it. Shaki.
This sad experience cites me to reveal,
And what I dictate is from what I feel. Prier.
3. To quote.

Demonstrations in scripture may not other wise be shewed than by citing them out of the scripture.

Hooker.

That passage of Plato which I sited before.

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In banishment he wrote those verses which
Dryd

cite from his letter.

CI'TER. n. s. [from cite.]
1. One who cités into a court.
2. One who quotes; a quoter.

I must desire the titer henceforward to inform
Atterbury.
us of his editions too.
CITE'SS. n. s. [from cit.] A city woman.
A word peculiar to Dryden.

Cits and citesses raise a joyful strain;
Dryden.
"T is a good omen to begin a reign.
CI'THERN. n. s. [cithara, Latin.] A kind
of harp; a musical instrument.
At what time the heathen had profaned it,
even in that was it dedicated with songs and
Mace.
citberns, and harps and cymbals.
CITIZEN. n. s. [civis, Lat. citoyen, Fr.]
1. A freeman of a city; not a foreigner;
not a slave.

men.

All inhabitants within these walls are not properly citizens, but only such as are called freeRaleigh's History. 2. A townsman; a man of trade; not a gentleman.

When he speaks not like a citizen,
You find him like a soldier. Shakspeare.
3. An inhabitant; a dweller in any place.
Far from noisy Rome secure he lives,
And one more citizen to Sybil gives. Dryden.
CITIZEN. adj. [This is only in Shak-
speare.] Having the qualities of a ci-
tizen; as cowardice, meanness.

So sick I am not, yet I am not well;
But not so citizen a wanton, as
To seem to die ere sick.

Shakspeare. CITRINE. adj. [citrinus, Lat.] Lemon coloured; of a dark yellow.

The butterfly, papilio major, hath its wings painted with citrine and black, both in long streaks and spots. Grew.

By citrine urine of a thicker consistence, the saltness of phlegm is known. Floyer. CITRINE, n. s. [from citrinus, Latin.]

A species of crystal of an extremely pure, clear, and fine texture, generally free from flaws and blemishes. It is ever found in a long and slender column, irregularly hexangular, and terminated by an hexangular pyramid. It is from one to four or five inches in length. This stone is very plentiful in the West Indies. Our jewellers have learned to call it citrine; and cut stones for rings out of it, which are mistaken for topazes. Hill on Fossils. CITRON-TREE. n. s. [from citrus, Lat.]

It hath broad stiff leaves, like those of the lau-
rel. The flowers consist of many leaves, expand-
ed like a rose. The pistil becomes an oblong,
thick, fleshy fruit, very full of juice. Genoa is
the great nursery for these trees. One sort
with a pointed fruit, is in so great esteem, that
the single fruits are sold at Florence for two
Miller.
shillings each.

May the sun,
With citron groves adorn a distant soil. Addison.
CITRON-WATER. n. s. Aqua vitæ, dis-
tilled with the rind of citrons.

Like citron-waters matrons cheeks inflame.

Pope. CITRUL. n. s. The same with pumpion, so named from its yellow colour. CITY. n. s. [cité, Fr. civitas, Lat.] 1. A large collection of houses and inhabitants.

Men seek safety from number better united, and from walls and fortifications, the use whereof is to make the few a match for the many: this is the original of cities.

porate, that hath a bishop and a cathe-
Cowell.
dral church.

3. The inhabitants of a certain city, as
distinguished from other subjects.
What is the city but the people f

Temple. City, in a strict sense, means the houses inclosed within the walls: in a larger sense it reaches to all the suburbs. Watts. 2. [In the English law.] A town cor

Shaks.

True, the people are the city.
I do suspect I have done some offence,
That seems disgracious in the city's eye. Shaks,
CITY: adj.
1. Relating to the city.
His enforcement of the city wives.
He, I accuse,

2.

Shaks.

The city ports by this hath enter'd. Shakspeare. Resembling the manners of the citizens. Make not a city feast of it, to let the meat cool ere we can agrée upon the first cut. Shaks. CI'VET. n. s. [civette, Fr. zibetta, Arabic, signifying scent.] A perfume from the

civet-cat.

The civet, or civet cat, is a little animal not unlike our cat. It is a native of the Indies, Peru, Brasil, Guinea. The perfume is formed like a kind of grease, in a bag under its tail, between the anus and pudendum. It is gathered from time to time, and abounds in proportion as the animal is fed. Trevoux

Civet is of a baser birth than tar; the very uncleanly flux of a cat. Shakspeare Some putrefactions and excrements do yield excellent odours; as civet and musk, and, as some think, ambergrease. Bacon's Nat. Hist CIVICK. adj. [civicus, Latin.] Relating to civil honours or practices; not military.

With equal rays immortal Tully shone: Behind, Rome's genius waits with civick crowns, And the great father of his country owns. Potz. CIVIL. adj. [civilis, Latin.]

1. Relating to the community; political; relating to the city or government.

God gave them laws of civil regimen, and would not permit their commonweal to be governed by any other laws than his own. Hooker. Part, such as appertain To civil justice; part, religious rites Of sacrifice.

Milton's Par. Lust. But there is another unity, which would be most advantageous to our country; and that is, your endeavour after a civil, a political union in the whole nation.

Sprat.

2. Relating to any man as a member of a community.

Break not your promise, unless it be unlawful or impossible; either out of your natural, or out of your civil, power. Taylor

3. Not in anarchy; not wild; not without rule or government.

For rudest minds with harmony were caught, And civil life was by the muses taught. Roscom 4. Not foreign; intestine.

From a civil war God of his mercy defend us as that which is most desperate of all others. Bacon to Villiers.

5. Not ecclesiastical: as, the ecclesiastical
courts are controlled by the civil.
6. Not natural: as, a person banished or
outlawed is said to suffer civil, though
not natural, death.

7. Not military: as, the civil magistrate's
authority is obstructed by war.
8. Not criminal: as, this, is a civil pro-
cess, not a criminal prosecution.

9 Civilized; not barbarous.

England was very rude and barbarous; for it

is but even the other day since England grew civil. Spenser on Ireland. 1o. Complaisant; civilized; gentle; well bred; elegant of mauners; not rude; not brutal; not coarse.

I heard a mermaid, on a dolphin's back, Uttering such dulcet and harmonious breath, That the rude sea grew civil at her song. Shaks. He was civil and well-natured, never refusing to teach another. Dryden's Dufresnoy. And fall these sayings from that gentle tongue, Where civil speech and soft persuasion hung? Prior.

11. Grave; sober; not gay or showy. Thus night oft see me in thy pale career, Till civil suited morn appear. Milton's Poems. 12. Relating to the ancient consular or imperial government; as, civil law. No woman had it, but a civil doctor. Shaks. CIVILIAN. n. s. [civilis, Lat.] One that professes the knowledge of the old Roman law, and of general equity.

The professors of the law, called civilians because the civil law is their guide, should not be discountenanced nor discouraged. Bacan.

Swift.

A

A depending kingdom is a term of art unknown to all ancient civilians, and writers upon government. CIVILISATION. n. s. [from civil.] law, act of justice, or judgment, which renders a criminal process civil; which is performed by turning an information into an inquest, or the contrary. Harris. CIVILITY. n. s. [from civil.]

1. Freedom from barbarity; the state of being civilized.

The English were at first as stout and warlike a people as ever the Irish; and yet are now brought unto that civility, that no nation excelleth them in all goodly conversation, and all the studies of knowledge and humanity. Spenser. Divers great monarchies have risen from barbarism to civility, and fallen again to ruin. Davies. Wheresoe'er her conquering eagles fled, Arts, learning, and civility, were spread. Denham. 2. Politeness; complaisance; elegance of behaviour.

Art thou thus bolden'd, man, by thy distress, Or else a rude despiser of good manners, That in civility thou seem'st so empty? Shaks. He, by his great civility and affability, wrought very much upon the people. Clarendon.

I should be kept from a publication, did not, what your civility calls a request, your greatness command. South.

We, in point of civility, yield to others in our own houses. Swift. 3. Rule of decency; practice of politeness. Love taught him shame; and shame with love at strife,

Soon taught the sweet civilities of life. Dryden. To CIVILIZE. n. s. [from civil.] To reclaim from savageness and brutality; to instruct in the arts of regular life.

We send the graces and the muses forth To civilize and to instruct the North. Waller. Museus first, then Orpheus, civilize Mankind, and give the world their deities.

Denham. Amongst those who are counted the civilized part of mankind, this original law of nature still takes place. Locke,

Osiris or Bacchus, is reported to have civilized the Indians, and reigned amongst them fifty-two years. Arbuthnot. CIVILIZER. n. s. [from civilize.]-He

that reclaims others from a wild and savage life; he that teaches the rules and customs of civility.

The civilizers!-the disturbers, say; The robbers, the corrupters of mankind! Philips' Briton. CI'VILLY, adv. [from civil.] 1. In a manner relating to government, or to the rights or character of a member of a community; not naturally.

Men that are civil, lead their lives after one common law; for that a multitude should, without harmony, concur in the doing of one thing (for this is civilly to live), or should manage Hooker. community of life, it is not possible.

2. Not criminally.

3.

That accusation, which is publick, is either civilly commenced for the private satisfaction of the party injured; or else criminally, that is, for some publick punishment. Ayliffe. Politely; complaisantly; gently; without rudeness; without brutality.

I will deal civilly with his poems; nothing ill is to be spoken of the dead. Dryden. I would have had Almeria and Osmyn parted - civilly; as if it was not proper for lovers to do so. Collier, of the Stage. He thought them folks that lost their way, And ask'd them civilly to stay. Without gay or gaudy colours.

4.

Prier.

The chambers were handsome and cheerful, and furnished civilly. Bacon's New Atalantis CIZE. n. s. [perhaps from incisa, Lat. shaped or cut to a certain magnitude.] The quantity of any thing, with regard to its external form: often written size.

If no motion can alter bodies, that is, reduce them to some other cize or figure, then there is none of itself to give them the cize and figure which they have. Grew's Cosmologia, CLACK. n. s. [klatchen, Germ. to ratile, to make a noise.]

1. Any thing that makes a lasting and importunate noise: generally used in contempt for the tongue.

But still his tongue ran on, And with his everlasting clack Set all men's ears upon the rack.

Hudibras.

Prior.

Fancy flows in, and muse flies high; He knows not when my clack will lie. 2. The CLACK of a Mill. A bell that rings when more corn is required to be put in; or, that which strikes the hopper, and promotes the running of the corn. Says John, just at the hopper will I stand, And mark the clack how justly it will sound. Betterton.

To CLACK. v. n. [from the noun.] 1. To make a chinking noise. 2. To let the tongue run. To CLACK. v. a. As to clack wool, is to cut off the sheep's mark, which makes it to weigh less, and so yield the less custom to the king. Coavell CLAD. part. pret. [This participle, which is now referred to clothe, seems origi nally to have belonged to cloden, or some such word, like kleeden, Dutch.] Clothed; invested; garbed.

So oft in feasts with costly changes clad, To crammed maws a spratt new stomach brings Sisy

He hath clad himself with a new garment.

1 Kings,

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Swift.

To CLAIM. v. a. [clamer, French.] To demand of right; to require authorita-" tively; not to beg or accept as favour, but to exact as due.

If only one man hath a divine right to obedience, nobody can claim that obedience but he that can shew his right. Locke.

We must know how the first ruler, from whom any one claims, came by his authority, before we can know who has a right to succeed him in it.

Poets have undoubted right to claim,
If not the greatest, the most lasting name.

CLAIM. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A demand of any thing, as due.

Locke.

Congreve.

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A demand of any thing that is in the possession of another, or at the least out of his own; as claim by charter, claim by descent. Corell. 4. The phrases are commonly to make claim, or to lay claim.

The king of Prussia lays in his claim for Neufchâtel, as he did for the principality of Orange. Addison on Italy. If God, by positive grant, gave dominion to any man, primogeniture can lay no claim to it, unless God ordained. Locke.

CLAIMABLE. adj. [from claim.] That may be demanded as due. CLAIMANT. n. s. [from claim.] He that demands any thing, as unjustly detained by another.

CLAIMER. n. s. [from claim.] He that makes a demand; he that requires any thing, as unjustly withheld from him. CLAIR-OBSCURE. n. S. See CLARE

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ty, clamber up the acclivities, dragging their kine with them.

Ray. They were forced to clamber over so many rocks, and to tread upon the brink of so many precipices, that they were very often in danger of their lives. Addison's Freeholder. To CLAMM. v. a. [in some provinces, to cleam; from clæmian, Sax, to glue together.] To clog with any glutinous

matter.

A swarm of wasps got into a honey-pot, and there they cloyed and clammed themselves till there was no getting out again. L'Estrange

The sprigs were all daubed with lime, and the birds clammed and taken. L'Estrange. CLA'MMINESS. n. s. [from clammy.] Viscosity; viscidity; tenacity; ropiness. A greasy pipkin will spoil the clamminess of the glue. Moxon. CLAMMY. adj. [from clamm.] Viscous; glutinous; tenacious; adhesive; ropy.

Bodies clammy and cleaving, have an appe tite, at once, to follow another body, and to hold to themselves. Bacon

Neither the brain nor spirits can conserve mo→ tion; the former is of such a clammy consistence, it can no more retain it than a quagmire. Glanv. Aghast he wak'd; and starting from his bed, Cold sweat, in clammy drops, his limbs o'erspread. Dryden Joyful thou 'It see' The clammy surface all o'er-strown with tribes Of greedy insects.

Philips There is an unctuous clammy vapour that arises from the stum of grapes, when they lie mashed together in the vat, which puts out a light when dipt into it. Addison on Italy. The continuance of the fever, clammy sweats, paleness, and at last a total cessation of pain, are signs of a gangrene and approaching death. Arbuthnot on Diet. CLA'MOROUS. adj. [from clamour.] Vociferous; noisy; turbulent; loud.

It is no sufficient argument to say, that, in urging these ceremonies, none are so clamorous as papists, and they whom papists suborn.

Hooker.

He kiss'd her lips With such a clamorous smack, that at the parting All the church echo'd. Shakspeare.

At my birth The goats ran from the mountains, and the herds Were strangely clam'rous in the frighted fields. Shakspeare. With the clamorous report of war Thus will I drown your exclamations. Shaks. Then various elements against thee join'd, In one more various animal combin'd, And fram'd the clam'rous race of busy human

kind.

Pope, A pamphlet that will settle the wavering, instruct the ignorant, and inflame the clamorous. Swift.

CLA'MOUR. n. s. [clamor, Latin.] 1. Outcry; noise; exclamation; vociferation.

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2. It is used sometimes, but less fitly, of inanimate things.

Here the loud Arno's boist rous clamours cease, That with submissive murmurs glides in peace. Addison.

To CLA'MOUR. v. n. [from the noun.] 1. To make outcries; to exclaim; to vociferate; to roar in turbulence. The obscure bird clamour'd the live-long night. Shakspeare.

Let them not come in multitudes, or in a tribunitious manner; for that is to clamour counsels, not to inform them. Bacon's Essays. a. In Shakspeare it seems to mean, actively, to stop from noise.

Clamour your tongues, and not a word more.
Shakspeare.

CLAMP. n. s. [clamp, French.]
1. A piece of wood joined to another, as
an addition of strength.
2. A quantity of bricks.

To burn a clamp of brick of sixteen thousand, they allow seven ton of coals. Mortimer. To CLAMP. v. a. [from the noun ]

When a piece of board is fitted with the grain to the end of another piece of board cross the grain, the first board is clamped. Thus the ends of tables are commonly clamped to preserve them from warping. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises. CLAN. n. s. [probably of Scottish original; klaan, in the Highlands, signifies children.]

3. A family; a race.

They around the flag

Of each his faction, in their several clans, Swarm populous, unnumber'd.

"Milton.

Milton was the poetical son of Spenser, and Mr. Waller of Fairfax; for we have our lineal descents and clans as well as other families.

Dryden. 2. A body or sect of persons, in a sense of contempt.

Partridge and the rest of his clan may hoot me for a cheat, if I fail in any single particular. Savift. CLA'NCULAR. adj. [clancularius, Latin.] Clandestine; secret; private; concealed; obscure; hidden.

Let us withdraw all supplies from our lusts, and not by any secret reserved affection give them clancular aids to maintain their rebellion. Decay of Piety. CLANDESTINE. adj. [clandestinus, Lat.] Secret; hidden; private: in an ill sense.

Tho' nitrous tempests, and clandestine death, Fill'd the deep caves and num'rous vaults beneath. Blackmore, CLANDESTINELY. adv. [from clandestine.] Secretly; privately; in private ; in secret.

There have been two printed papers clandes tinely spread about, whereof no man is able to trace the original. Swift,

CLANG. n. s. [clangor, Lat.] A sharp, shrill noise.

With such a horrid clang

As on mount Sinai rang

While the red fire and smould'ring clouds out-
brake.
Milton.
An island salt and bare,
The haunt of seals and orcs, and sea-mews clang.
Mitton.

What clang: were heard in German skies afar, Of arms and armies rushing to the war! Dryd. Guns, and trumpets clang, and solemn sound Of drums, o'ercame their groans.

Philips.

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In death he cried,

Like to a dismal clangour heard from far: Warwick, revenge my death. Shakspeare. With joy they view the waving ensigns fly, And hear the trumpets clangour pierce the sky. Dryden. CLA'N GOUS. adj. [from clang.] Making a clang.

We do not observe the cranes, and birds of long necks, have any musical, but harsh and clangous throats. Brown. CLANK. n. s. [from clang.] A loud, shrill, sharp noise, made by the collision of hard and sonorous bodies.

They were joined by the melodious clank of marrow-bone and clever. Spectator. To CLAP. v. a. [clappan, Sax. klappen, Dutch]

I. To strike together with a quick motion, so as to make a noise by the collision. Following the fliers,

With them he enters; who, upon the sudden, Clapt to their gates. Shakspeare.

Men shall clap their hands at him, and shall hiss him out of his place.

Feb. Have you never seen a citizen in a cold morning, clapping his sides, and walking before his shop? Dryden.

He crowing clapp'd his wings, th' appointed

call

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