A.D. 276. ACCESSION OF PROBUS. 41 about three months, delivered the empire from civil war by the easy sacrifice of a prince whom they despised.20 obscurity. The perpetual revolutions of the throne had so perfectly erased every notion of hereditary right, that the family of an unfor- Their family tunate emperor was incapable of exciting the jealousy of subsists in his successors. The children of Tacitus and Florianus were permitted to descend into a private station, and to mingle with the general mass of the people. Their poverty indeed became an additional safeguard to their innocence. When Tacitus was elected by the senate he resigned his ample patrimony to the public service,21 an act of generosity specious in appearance, but which evidently disclosed his intention of transmitting the empire to his descendants. The only consolation of their fallen state was the remembrance of transient greatness, and a distant hope, the child of a flattering prophecy, that, at the end of a thousand years, a monarch of the race of Tacitus should arise, the protector of the senate, the restorer of Rome, and the conqueror of the whole earth.22 and eleva emperor The peasants of Illyricum, who had already given Claudius and Aurelian to the sinking empire, had an equal right to Character glory in the elevation of Probus.23 Above twenty years tion of the before, the emperor Valerian, with his usual penetration, had Probus discovered the rising merit of the young soldier, on whom he conferred the rank of tribune long before the age prescribed by the military regulations. The tribune soon justified his choice by a victory over a great body of Sarmatians, in which he saved the life of a near relation of Valerian; and deserved to receive from the emperor's hand the collars, bracelets, spears, and banners, the mural and the civic crown, and all the honourable rewards reserved by ancient Rome for successful valour. The third, and afterwards the command of Probus, who, in tenth, legion were intrusted to the every step of his promotion, showed himself superior to the station which he filled. Africa and Pontus, the Rhine, the Danube, the Euphrates, and the Nile by turns afforded him the most splendid occasions of displaying his personal prowess and his conduct in war. Aurelian was indebted to him for the conquest of Egypt, and still 20 Hist. August. p. 231. [Vopiscus, Florian. c. 1.] Zosimus, 1. i. [c. 64, p. 56] p. 58, 59. Zonaras, 1. xii. [c. 29, p. 609] p. 637. Aurelius Victor [de Cæsar. c. 37] says that Probus assumed the empire in Illyricum; an opinion which (though adopted by a very learned man) would throw that period of history into inextricable confusion. 21 Hist. August. p. 229. [Vopisc. Tacit. c. 10.] 22 He was to send judges to the Parthians, Persians, and Sarmatians, a president to Taprobana, and a proconsul to the Roman island (supposed by Casaubon and Salmasius to mean Britain). Such a history as mine (says Vopiscus with proper modesty) will not subsist a thousand years to expose or justify the prediction. 23 For the private life of Probus, see Vopiscus in Hist. August. p. 234-237. [Probus, c. 3, seqq.] 42 CONDUCT OF PROBUS TO THE SENATE, CHAP. XII. more indebted for the honest courage with which he often checked the cruelty of his master. Tacitus, who desired by the abilities of his generals to supply his own deficiency of military talents, named him commander-in-chief of all the eastern provinces, with five times the usual salary, the promise of the consulship, and the hope of a triumph. When Probus ascended the Imperial throne he was about forty-four years of age;24 in the full possession of his fame, of the love of the army, and of a mature vigour of mind and body. His respect towards the senate. 66 66 66 66 His acknowledged merit, and the success of his arms against Florianus, left him without an enemy or a competitor. Yet, ful conduct if we may credit his own professions, very far from being desirous of the empire, he had accepted it with the most sincere reluctance. "But it is no longer in my power," says Probus in a private letter, " to lay down a title so full of envy and of danger. "I must continue to personate the character which the soldiers have imposed upon me."25 His dutiful address to the senate displayed the sentiments, or at least the language, of a Roman patriot: "When you elected one of your order, conscript fathers! to succeed the emperor Aurelian, you acted in a manner suitable to your justice and wisdom. For you are the legal sovereigns of the world, and "the power which you derive from your ancestors will descend to your posterity. Happy would it have been if Florianus, instead of "usurping the purple of his brother, like a private inheritance, had expected what your majesty might determine, either in his favour, "or in that of any other person. The prudent soldiers have punished "his rashness. To me they have offered the title of Augustus; but "I submit to your clemency my pretensions and my merits."26 When this respectful epistle was read by the consul, the serators were unable to disguise their satisfaction that Probus should condescend thus humbly to solicit a sceptre which he already possessed. They celebrated with the warmest gratitude his virtues, his exploits, and above all his moderation. A decree immediately passed, without a dissenting voice, to ratify the election of the eastern armies, and to confer on their chief all the several branches of the Imperial dignity: the names of Cæsar and Augustus, the title of Father of his country, the right of making in the same day three motions in the senate,27 the office of Pontifex Maximus, the tribunitian power, and 66 A.D. 276. 24 According to the Alexandrian chronicle, he was fifty at the time of his death. 25 The letter was addressed to the Prætorian præfect, whom (on condition of his good behaviour) he promised to continue in his great office. See Hist. August. p. 237. [Vopisc. Probus, c. 10.] 26 Vopiscus in Hist. August. p. 237 [in Probo, c. 11]. The date of the letter is assuredly faulty. Instead of Non. Februar. we may read Non. August. 27 Hist. August. p. 238. [Vopisc. i. c. 12.] It is odd that the senate should treat Probus less favourably than Marcus Antoninus. That prince had received, evon A.D. 276. HIS VICTORIES OVER THE BARBARIANS. 42 the proconsular command; a mode of investiture which, though it seemed to multiply the authority of the emperor, expressed the constitution of the ancient republic. The reign of Probus corresponded with this fair beginning. The senate was permitted to direct the civil administration of the empire. Their faithful general asserted the honour of the Roman arms, and often laid at their feet crowns of gold and barbaric trophies, the fruits of his numerous victories.28 Yet, whilst he gratified their vanity, he must secretly have despised their indolence and weakness. Though it was every moment in their power to repeal the disgraceful edict of Gallienus, the proud successors of the Scipios patiently acquiesced in their exclusion from all military employments. They soon experienced that those who refuse the sword must renounce the sceptre. of Probus The strength of Aurelian had crushed on every side the enemies of Rome. After his death they seemed to revive with an Victories increase of fury and of numbers. They were again van- over the quished by the active vigour of Probus, who, in a short barbarians. reign of about six years,29 equalled the fame of ancient heroes, and restored peace and order to every province of the Roman world. The dangerous frontier of Rhætia he so firmly secured, that he left it without the suspicion of an enemy. He broke the wandering power of the Sarmatian tribes, and by the terror of his arms compelled those barbarians to relinquish their spoil. The Gothic nation courted the alliance of so warlike an emperor.30 He attacked the Isaurians in their mountains, besieged and took several of their strongest castles,31 and flattered himself that he had for ever suppressed a domestic foe whose independence so deeply wounded the majesty of the empire. The troubles excited by the usurper Firmus in the Upper Egypt had never been perfectly appeased, and the cities of Ptolemais and Coptos, fortified by the alliance of the Blemmyes, still maintained an obscure rebellion. The chastisement of those cities, and of their auxiliaries the savages of the South, is said to have alarmed the court of Persia,32 and the Great King sued in vain for the friendship of Probus. Most before the death of Pius, Jus quintæ relationis. See Capitolin. in Hist. August. p. 24 [in M. Anton. c. 6]. 28 See the dutiful letter of Probus to the senate after his German victories. Hist. August. p. 239. [Vopisc. Prob. c. 15.] A pas 29 The date and duration of the reign of Probus are very correctly ascertained by Cardinal Noris in his learned work, De Epochis Syro-Macedonum, p. 96-105. sage of Eusebius connects the second year of Probus with the æras of several of the Syrian cities. 30 Vopiscus in Hist. August. p. 239. [Prob. c. 16.] 31 Zosimus (1. i. [c. 69 sq.] p. 62-65) tells us a very long and trifling story of Lydius the Isaurian robber. 32 Zosim. 1. i. [c. 7] p. 65. Vopiscus in Hist. August. p. 239, 240. [Prob. c. 17.] But it seems incredible that the defeat of the savages of Æthiopia could affect the Persian monarch. 44 PROBUS DRIVES THE GERMANS FROM GAUL; CHAP. XII of the exploits which distinguished his reign were achieved by the personal valour and conduct of the emperor, insomuch that the writer of his Life expresses some amazement how, in so short a time, a single man could be present in so many distant wars. The remaining actions he intrusted to the care of his lieutenants, the judicious choice of whom forms no inconsiderable part of his glory. Carus, Diocletian, Maximian, Constantius, Galerius, Asclepiodatus, Annibalianus, and a crowd of other chiefs, who afterwards ascended or supported the throne, were trained to arms in the severe school of Aurelian and Probus.33 A.D. 277. of the Germans; But the most important service which Probus rendered to the republic was the deliverance of Gaul, and the recovery of seventy flourishing cities oppressed by the barbarians of the invasion Germany, who, since the death of Aurelian, had ravaged that great province with impunity.34 Among the various multitude of those fierce invaders, we may distinguish, with some degree of clearness, three great armies, or rather nations, successively vanquished by the valour of Probus. He drove back the Franks into their morasses; a descriptive circumstance from whence we may infer that the confederacy known by the manly appellation of Free already occupied the flat maritime country, intersected and almost overflown by the stagnating waters of the Rhine, and that several tribes of the Frisians and Batavians had acceded to their alliance. He vanquished the Burgundians, a considerable people of the Vandalic race." They had wandered in quest of booty from the banks of the Oder to those of the Seine. They esteemed themselves sufficiently fortunate to purchase, by the restitution of all their booty, the permission of an undisturbed retreat. They attempted to elude that article of the treaty. Their punishment was immediate and terrible.35 But of all the invaders of Gaul, the most formidable were the Lygians, a distant people who reigned over a wide domain on the frontiers of Poland and Silesia. In the Lygian nation the Arii held the first rank by 33 Besides these well-known chiefs, several others are named by Vopiscus (Hist. August. p. 241 [Prob. c. 22]), whose actions have not reached our knowledge. 34 See the Cæsars of Julian [p. 314], and Hist. August. p. 238, 240, 241. [Vopisc. Prob. c. 13, c. 18, sqq.] 35 Zosimus, 1. i. [c. 68] p. 62. Hist. August. p. 238. [Vopisc. Probus, c. 13, 14.] But the latter supposes the punishment inflicted with the consent of their kings: if so, it was partial, like the offence. 36 See Cluver. Germania Antiqua, 1. iii. of Calisia, probably Calish in Silesia. a There is no doubt that the Burgundians were a German people; whereas the Vandals were probably a Slavonic race. See vol. i. p. 378.-S. b Lygii appears to have been the generic name of the Slavonians on the Vistula. Ptolemy places in their country the city They are the same people as those called Lekhs by Nestor, the Russian chronicler of the 12th century. These Lekhs are the ancestors of the Poles. See Latham, The Germania of Tacitus, p. 158.-S. A.D. 277. AND INVADES GERMANY. 45 their numbers and fierceness. "The Arii" (it is thus that they are "described by the energy of Tacitus) "study to improve by art and "circumstances the innate terrors of their barbarism. Their shields “are black, their bodies are painted black. They choose for the "combat the darkest hour of the night. Their host advances, "covered as it were with a funereal shade;37 nor do they often find "an enemy capable of sustaining so strange and infernal an aspect. "Of all our senses, the eyes are the first vanquished in battle." s Yet the arms and discipline of the Romans easily discomfited these horrid phantoms. The Lygii were defeated in a general engagement, and Semno, the most renowned of their chiefs, fell alive into the hands of Probus. That prudent emperor, unwilling to reduce a brave people to despair, granted them an honourable capitulation, and permitted them to return in safety to their native country. But the losses which they suffered in the march, the battle, and the retreat, broke the power of the nation: nor is the Lygian name ever repeated in the history either of Germany or of the empire. The deliverance of Gaul is reported to have cost the lives of four hundred thousand of the invaders; a work of labour to the Romans, and of expense to the emperor, who gave a piece of gold for the head of every barbarian, 39 But as the fame of warriors is built on the destruction of human kind, we may naturally suspect that the sanguinary account was multiplied by the avarice of the soldiers, and accepted without any very severe examination by the liberal vanity of Probus. Since the expedition of Maximin, the Roman generals had confined their ambition to a defensive war against the nations and carries of Germany, who perpetually pressed on the frontiers of his arms into the empire. The more daring Probus pursued his Gallic Germany. victories, passed the Rhine, and displayed his invincible eagles on the banks of the Elbe and the Neckar. He was fully convinced that nothing could reconcile the minds of the barbarians to peace, unless they experienced in their own country the calamities of war. Germany, exhausted by the ill success of the last emigration, was astonished by his presence. Nine of the most considerable princes repaired to his camp, and fell prostrate at his feet. Such a treaty was humbly received by the Germans as it pleased the conqueror to dictate. He exacted a strict restitution of the effects and captives which they had carried away from the provinces; and obliged their own magistrates to punish the more obstinate robbers who presumed Feralis umbra is the expression of Tacitus: it is surely a very bold one. [The words of Tacitus are "umbrâ feralis exercitus terrorem inferunt."-S.] 38 Tacit. Germania (c. 43). Vopiscus in Hist. August. p. 238 [Prob. c. 14]. |