Cognate objective,

Cognates, 208

Collective nouns, 75; syntax of, 242, 253
Common, proper and singular nouns, 73;
gender, nouns of, 80

Comparatives not followed by than, 117
Comparison of adjectives, 112; modes of
marking, 114; irregular, 115; errors of
syntax in, 243; pleonasm in, 116, 244;
of adverbs, 182

Complement of predicate, 138, 211
Complex sentence, 194

Compounds and derivatives, 199
Compound nouns, plurals of, 91; posses-
sive of, 98; relation of parts in, 200;
compound gerund forms, 154, 229
Con, 174

Concord, definition of, 230; of pronouns
and nouns, 246; of relative with ante-
cedent, 247; of verbs and subjects, 253;
rules observed in, 260
Concrete nouns, 76

Conjugation, definition of, 164; of be,
146; of simple tenses, 165; of verb
with auxiliaries, 166

Conjunctions, definition of, 192; join
sentences and words, 192; classifica-
tion of, 193; co-ordinate, 196; sub-
ordinate, 197; derived from other parts
of speech, 197; correlative, 197; alter-
native, syntax of, 254

Conjunctive pronouns, 125; adverbs, 180
Conquest of Britain, Roman, 2; English,
2; Norman, 5

Consonants defined, 39; classified, 43
Co-ordinate conjunctions, 193, 254
Co-ordinating use of relative pronoun,
129, 218

Copula, 177

Could, 174

Cumbria, 2

Cunning, 174

Cymry, 2

error, 274
Else, 229

'em, old dative plural of he, 122 n.
Emphasis, definition of, 51

-en, feminine suffix, 82; plural suffix, 88;
adjective suffix, 202; verb suffix, 203;
past participle suffix, 159

English conquest of Britain, 2; who they
were, 3; whence they came, 4; lan-
guage formerly pure, 27; now mixed,
27; its constituents, 9
Enlargement of subject, 213; of predi-
cate, 215

er, suffix, plural, 88; comparative, 114;
masculine, 202; verbal, 203
Erse, 2, 26

-es, plural suffix, 86

-ess, feminine suffix, 82
Etymology, definition of, 34
Euphonic changes, 50

Events affecting the formation of English
vocabulary, 7, 20

Excuse, two meanings of, 282

Expedients, orthographical, 57

Explosives, 42

Extension, meaning of, 212, 214

Every, etymology, 130; syntax, 242

F, plural of nouns ending in, 87
Factitive verbs, 231; object, 238; use of
adjectives, 241

Family of languages, Aryan, 24; Se-
mitic, 28

Farther, 116

Feminine, see Gender; double forms, 82
Few' and' a few,' 242

Fewer and less, 242

French influence on English language, 7
Frequentative suffix, 203

Friday, absence of possessive S, 101
Further, 116

Future, how expressed in subjunctive,
262; table of forms, 256; predictive
and promissive, 173

Gaffer and gammer, 84
Gander, 84

ge- in yclept, 164

Gender, comparison of English and other
languages as regards, 80; distinguished
from sex, 80; definition of, 81; modes
of marking, 82; in pronouns, 131; of
nouns in apposition, 233
Genitive, see Possessive; meaning of
word, 235; relations expressed by old,
101; subjective and objective, 236
Gerund, definition of, 152; compound
forms of, 154, 229.
Gerundial infinitive, 149

Go, 164; not an auxiliary, 156
Government, definition of, 230

Grammar, definition of, 36; divisions of,
36; an Art or a Science, 32
Greek words in English, 17
Gutturals, 44

Indo-European family of languages, 24;
languages outside, 27; table of, 29
-ine, feminine suffix, 82

Infinitive mood, 149; equivalent to a
noun, 149; without to, 149; simple and
gerundial, 149; prolative, 212; split
infinitive, 266

Inflexions, definition of, 65; in English
only few, 65; mostly of English origin,
66; consequences of loss of, 67; mark-
ing gender, 82; number, 86; case, 96;
comparison, 114; retained in pronouns,
131; in adverbs, 182

Inflexional and non inflexional languages,
66

-ing, suffix, patronymic, 18; diminutive,
201; verbal, 150; origin of, 264; errors
of syntax with, 264

Intentional tenses, so-called, 156
Interjections, 198

Interrogative pronouns, 127

Intransitive verbs, 135; becoming tran-
sitive, 136
Iranian, 27

Irish, or Erse, 2, 26

It, 122; anticipatory subject, 218
Italic stock, 26

Labials, 44

Lady, 84

Lady-day, absence of possessive s, 101
Languages, table of Indo-European, 29;
spoken and written, 30

Langue d'oïl and langue d'oc, 6
Lappish, 27

Last and latest, 115

'Last two' and 'two last,' 244

Latin element in English, 10; words of
1st period, 10; 2nd period, 11; 3rd
period, 11; 4th period, 13; proportion
of, in vocabulary, 14; in use, 15;
suffixes, 201; prefixes, 203

Naught, 130

Near, 115
Need, 175

Neither, error in use of, 276
Neuter gender, 80; verbs, 138
News, 89

No and yes, 181; and not, syntax of, 273
Nominative, how to determine, 100; ab-
solute, 231; of address, 97; in analysis,
218; uses of, 231
Norman Conquest, 5

Norman French words in English, 12;
contained Keltic element but mainly
Latin, 6; influence on the formation
of compounds, 17; alphabet, 59; in-
flexions, 66, 112; formation of plurals,
101; comparison, 114
Notional verbs, 138

Nouns, definition of, 69; distinguished
from pronouns, 70; from adjectives,
70; common, proper, and singular, 71;
proper becoming common, 73; common
becoming singular, 74; collective, 75;
syntax of, 242, 253; abstract and con-
crete, 76; names of materials, 74; for-
mation of abstract, 77; gender of, 80;
number of, 86; table of plurals of, 86;
without change of form in plural, 89;
apparently plural really singular, 89;
really plural used as singular, 89;
syntax of, 253; changing meaning in
plural, 90; having two forms of plural
with different meanings, 90; with no
plural, 90; with no singular, 91; com-
pound, 200; plural of, 91; case of, see
Case; verbal, 151; used as adverbs,
182; suffixes of, 201; syntax of, 231
Noun clauses, 195; how to deal with in
analysis, 218

Number, definition of, 86; in nouns, 86;
in verbs, 158

Numerals, cardinal, 105; ordinal, 106;
multiplicative, 107; mostly of English
origin, 107

O, impure, 47; plural of nouns ending
in, 88
Object, definition of, 136; direct and in-
direct, 97, 214; retained, 144, 238; of
verb an adverbial adjunct, 214; en-
largement of, 214

Objective case, how to determine, 100;
syntax of, 237; form of in nouns and
pronouns, 96; cognate, 137; adverbial
relation of noun in, 214

Oblique narrative, 258; cases, 102
Older and elder, 115

-om in seldom, 182

-on, -oon, -one, augmentative suffix, 202
One, numeral adjective, 106; indefinite
pronoun, 129

Only, place of, 271; for but, 280

Order, a part of syntax, 230; of noun in
nominative, 234; in possessive, 237;
in objective, 239; of adjective, 246;
of personal pronouns, 252; examples
of faults of, 279.

Orthoëpy, definition of, 33
Orthography, definition of, 33
Orthographical expedients, 57
Ought, 175
Oxen, 88

Owe and own, 175

Palatals, 44

Parsing, directions for, 224
Participles, definition of, 152; present,
152; distinguished from other verbal
forms in -ing, 152; used as prepositions,
188; used absolutely, 188; common
error of syntax in use of, 232, 240;
past, 153; with have, 153; adopted
with intransitives, 153

Parts of speech, definition of, 63; reduced
to four groups, 64; the same word oc-
curring under different, 64; inflected
or not inflected, 65; the articles not
separate, 108

Passive voice, 142
Patronymics, 18

Paulo-post future tenses, so-called, 156
Peas, 90

Pence and pennies, 90

Perfect and Imperfect as applied to
tenses explained, 157

Perfect formed by reduplication, 159
Person in verbs, 158; origin of inflexions
marking, 158
Personal pronouns, 121
Personification affecting gender, 81
Phenomenal, misuse of, 267
Phonetic spelling, 56
Phonology, 33.

Phrase, defined, 213; absolute, 218; pre-
positional, 227, 278

Please, construction of, 229

Pleonasm, 236, 244, 281
Plurals of nouns, see Nouns
Polysyndeton, 276

Possessive, forms of, 97; of nouns in ap-
position, 98; of compound nouns, 98;
s not corruption of his, 100; expressed
by of, 99; functions of, 97; syntax of,
234; pronouns, 131
Predicate, definition of, 210; complement
of, 138, 211; enlargement of, 215;
logical and grammatical, 177
Predicative use of adjectives, 104, 241
Prefixes, definition of, 200; list of, En-
glish, 203; Latin, 203; Greek, 204
Prepositions, defined, 186; compared
with case-endings, 95; need not pre-
cede nouns, 187; classified, 188; dis-
tinguished from adverbs, 189; relations
expressed by, 187; idiomatic use of,
277

Present Indefinite, uses of, 157
Pronouns, defined, 118; distinguished
from nouns, 70; characteristic of, 119;
different uses of, 119; classification of,
120; personal, 121; demonstrative, 123;
reflexive, 123; relative, 125; how iden- .
tified, 126; compound, 128; co-ordinat-
ing and restrictive uses of, 128; inter-
rogative, 127; indefinite, 129; distribu-
tive, 130; reciprocal, 130; possessive,
131; retain inflexions, 131; used as
adverbs, 183; concord of, 246; syntax
of relative, 247

Prosody, definition of, 35; not a part of
grammar, 36
Punctuation, rules for, 284

Score, 107

Scotch, Highland, a Keltic dialect, 2;
Lowland, an English dialect, 2 n
Se, seo, that, 122 n
Second, 107
Self, 124
Semi-vowels, 42

Semitic Languages, 28

Sentences, defined, 193, 210; simple,
compound, and complex, 194; what is
expressed by, 210; how to correct
faulty, 239; elliptical, 215; errors in,
274

Sequence of tenses, 257

Sex distinguished from gender, 80
Shall and will, 173; syntax of, 256
Sharps and flats, 41

She, 122

Should and would, 173; syntax of, 257
Sibilants, 44

Singular nouns distinguished from com-
mon and proper, 72; number, see
Number

Sir, 84.

Slavonic languages, 27
So, adverb, syntax of, 273
Solecism, definition of, 246

Sounds, elementary, in English, 48;
consonants, 43; vowels, 45; mutes, 42;
sonants and surds, 41; not sounded
together, 49; spirants, 42; sibilants, 44 ;
trills, 44; thin, middle, and aspirate, 53;
classified according to vocal organs,
44; dropped or added to save trouble,
50; transposition of, 51; significant, or
words, represented in writing, 54
Spanish influence on English language, 6
Spelling in English, difficulties accounted
for, 58; phonetic, 56
Spinster, 82

-ster, 82

Stocks, meaning of, 25

Subject of sentence, definition of, 210;
different kinds of, 212; enlargement
of, 213; ellipsis of, 69, 211, 227
Subjunctive mood, forms of, 146; uses
of, 147, 261

Subordinate clauses, 194

Such, 127

Suffixes, defined, 200; list of, 201
Superlatives, double, 116; not suggesting
comparison, 117

Swine, 88

Syllables, division of words into, 204

Syntax, definition of, 35

Synthetic languages, 66

Tense, future in subjunctive, 262
Tenues, 53

Teutonic tribes, Jutes, Saxons, and
Angles were, 3; meaning of name, 3;
stock, English belongs to, 26
Than, syntax of, 272; with relative, 272
That, the t in, 122; how to determine its
part of speech, 126; its restrictive use
as relative, 128, 251; conjunction, 127;
omission of, 276

The, 107; uses of, 109; adverbial use of,
182; syntax of, 244

-ther, comparative suffix, 116, 130
There, with verb preceding subject, 218
Third, 107

Thorn, the letter, 59
Thou, old uses of, 123

To, before infinitive, 149; omitted from
some verbs, 149; should not be sepa-
rated from the verb by an adverb, 266
Transpire, misuse of, 267
Trills, 44

-trix, feminine suffix, 82
Turkish language, 27
Twelve, 107

U, modes of writing diphthongal, 46;
distinguished from letter v, 60
Umlaut, 50

Uncouth, 174

Utter, comparative adjective, 116

Verbs, definition of, 134; transitive and
intransitive, 135; intransitive used as
transitive, 136; converted to transitive
by preposition, 136; causative, 137;
followed by cognate objective, 137;
transitive used as intransitive, 137;
of incomplete predication, 137; neuter,
138; auxiliary, 138, 171; notional,
138; impersonal, 139; inflexions of,
141; voice, 142; active and passive,
142; alternative passive constructions,
143; retained object with passives, 144;
quasi-passive, 144; mood, 144; indica-
tive, 145; imperative, 145; subjunctive,
decay of, 146; uses of, 147, 261; tests
for, 148; infinitive, 149; resembles
noun, 149; simple and gerundial, 149;
forms in -ing, 150; gerund, 151; parti-
ciples, 152; table of forms, 154; tenses,
155; mark time and completeness, 155;
simple and compound, 145; table of,

155; perfect continuous, 156; so called,
156; mode of formation of, 156; perfect
and imperfect, 157; advantages of our
mode of marking, 157; uses of present
indefinite, 157; weak and strong, 159;
used as adverbs, 183; number, 158;
person, 158; conjugation of, 165; de-
fective, 171; suffixes of, 203; syntax
of, 253; concord of, 253; with collec-
tive nouns, 253; with plurals used as
singulars, 253; implying futurity, syn-
tax of, 258

Verbal, misuse of, 267

Verbal noun, the infinitive a, 149; forms
in -ing, 150.

Verse, definition of, 36

Very and much, their adverbial use
distinguished, 185, 263
Vixen, 82

Vocative, 97, 231; in analysis, 218
Voice, 142

Vowels, definition of, 39; enumeration
of, 45; obscure or natural vowel, 45

W, semi-vowel, 42
Weak verbs, 159

Wednesday, the es in, 98, 101
Welsh a Keltic dialect, 2, 26
Wen, the letter, 59

What, 127; the t in, 123
Which, 127

Who and which as co-ordinating rela-
tives, 129; who and what as indefinite
pronouns, 250

Why, 182

Widower, 84

Will, 173; syntax of, 256
Wit, defective verb, 177

Witenagemot shows old genitive plural
form, 101
Wizard, 84
Woman, 84

Words, definition of, 62; number in dic-
tionary, 15; in use, 15; Keltic, 9;
Latin, 10; Danish, 18; from various
sources, 18; how added, 20; imper-
fectly naturalized, 21, 87; ways of
classifying, 63; disguised in form, 200;
wrongly used, 267

Worse, 115

Worth, defective verb, 177

X, a redundant letter, 48

Y, semi-vowel, 42; plural of nouns end.
ing in, 88
Yclept, 164

Ye and you, 123
Ye for the, 59
Yes, 181, 227