This becomes-'He wished he might forget his brother John's injuries as soon as John would forget the King's pardon of them.'

To avoid obscurity of expression some such substitution for he and his as we have introduced in the latter part of the passage is necessary. To have recourse to parentheses containing the names is a clumsy expedient: e.g. 'as soon as he (John) would forget his (Richard's) pardon of them.'

QUESTIONS.

I. What rules about Concord are still observed in English?

[Concord occurs in the following instances:

(1) The verb and its subject in number and person.

(2) The adjectives this and that in number.

(3) The noun in apposition in case.

(4) The pronouns in gender, number, and person.]

2.

Give rules respecting the concord of verbs with their subjects, when subjects differing in number, or person, or both, are connected by a conjunctive or alternative conjunction.

3. Comment on the following constructions from Milton and Shakespeare:

'Bitter complaint and sad occasion dear
'Compels me to disturb your season due.'
'No ceremony that to great ones 'longs,
'Not the King's crown, nor the deputed sword,
'The marshal's truncheon, nor the judge's robe
'Become them with one half so good a grace
'As mercy does.'

Correct the following sentences :—

'This and that man was born there.'

'Honour as well as profit are to be gained by this.'

'Homer as well as Virgil were studied by him.'

'But the temper as well as knowledge of a modern historian require

a more sober and accurate language.'

'The happiness or misery of men's lives depend very much on his

'The diligent study of classics and mathematics prepare the mind for any pursuit in which it may engage.'

'Nothing but misfortunes have been the result.'

'Bacon's Essays are the most important of these two works.' 'Three spoonsfull of water to one of wine is not near sufficient.' [Notice here, (1) the compound noun in the plural is spoonfuls: in spoons full we have two words, spoons, a noun, and jull, an adjective limiting the noun. We may say either 'three spoonfuls' or 'three spoons full.' Here the former is more suitable, as it is a quantity of liquid that is spoken of, not a number of spoons. (2) The singular is may be defended, as the subject, though plural in form, represents a whole. Similarly we say 'Twice two is four,' 'Twenty years is a long time,' 'Two-thirds has been lost.' (3) Near? Can this be justified?]

5. Explain the term Indirect Object. Write two short sentences in illustration of its use after verbs, and one of its use after an adjective. Give instances, one of each kind, of words (1) governed by, (2) agreeing with, (3) qualifying, other words.

[Like, unlike, near, will furnish the construction of the Indirect Object required after adjectives.]

6. Explain with full examples the uses of the different moods of the verb.

Notice especially the cases when if can be followed by the indicative, and when it must have a subjunctive.

[For an answer to the former part of the question see p. 145. The latter part is dealt with below, Q. 8.]

7. Give a definition of the Subjunctive Mood, distinguishing it from the Indicative.

State the Mood of the word may in—

[In (a) may has its own meaning as a notional verb: 'You may go' signifies 'You are at liberty to go.' In (b) it has parted with its own meaning and become a mere auxiliary of give, marking the subjunctive mood. The same is true of its use in (c) where, as an auxiliary of wait, it serves to express a wish.]

8. What is the general rule for the use of the indicative or the subjunctive mood in dependent sentences? Illustrate this rule by an example.

[If the condition expressed by the verb in the dependent sentence is assumed as a fact, but without our wishing to imply that we think it likely or unlikely to be fulfilled, the indicative should be used: but if the condition is stated as something conceived by the speaker either as unlikely or as actually impossible, the subjunctive should be used. As we remarked before however (p. 147), the indicative has very largely

taken the place of the subjunctive where the use of the latter would be more appropriate.

This distinction may be illustrated thus:

"If he is in the garden, I will find him,' (He may be or he may not for anything that I know; but assuming that he is, I will find him.) 'If he be in the garden, I will find him,' (I am doubtful: it is /unlikely that he is.)

'If he were in the garden, I would find him,' (I deny that he is.) Hence the subjunctive is the right mood in which to express a wish, 'I wish he were less idle,' which he is not; and a purpose, 'Mind that you be ready by one o'clock,' for as the event is future, it must be regarded only as conjectured, not realised.]

9.

Give examples of the different ways in which is can be altered into the subjunctive mood in English. Give a classification of the various uses of the subjunctive mood.

[Take the sentence 'He is idle.' We may convert this from indicative to subjunctive in these ways: (1) Though he be idle, he will pass his examination (2) Though he may be idle, he will pass: (3) Though he should be idle, he would pass : (4) Though he were idle, he would pass. The answer to the latter part of the question is given on p. 147.]

10. Write out the past tense of the subjunctive mood of the verb to be, and give an example of the use of the 3rd person singular of this tense after the conjunctions if, that, though, respectively.

[For the conjugation see p. 146.

'If he were here, you would not say so.'

'I wish that he were here.'

'Though he were here, I should say just the same."]

II. How is future time indicated in the subjunctive mood?

[As the subjunctive has no future tenses, the present tense is used. 'We shall be sailing up the Channel to-morrow

'We shall have passed Dover to-morrow

'We shall reach the Nore to-morrow

if the wind keep
favourable.']

12. Correct :-'If he don't know, I am sure I don't.'

[Consider what don't is a contraction of. Don't is 'do not,' so the sentence is 'If he do not know, I am sure I do not.' On a suitable occasion 'If he do not' is correct English, the verb being in the subjunctive mood. But this is not a suitable occasion on which to employ the subjunctive. 'If' is not used in this sentence with its ordinary conditional sense. On the contrary it signifies rather assuming as a fact.' Hence the indicative should be used both in the antecedent and in the consequent clause, and we ought to say 'If he doesn't know, I am sure I don't,' our meaning being this,—' Seeing that he is certainly ignorant, I am certainly ignorant too.']

13.

What parts of the Verb may be used as (a) nouns, (b) adjectives? Apply your answer to the verb speak, by making short sentences in which this verb is used in the different ways you have mentioned.

14. What is the subject in the following: 7o perform is better than to promise? Write this with a verbal noun for subject.

Give not more than three examples of noun sentences as objects to I remember, and show how to express the same ideas with verbal nouns instead of verbs, using as far as possible the same words.

Comment on any peculiarity of grammar in- He cannot choose but

hear.'

[What part of speech is but? Think what word would be substituted for it. What mood is hear? What might we expect to find with it ?] Parse the infinitives in the following sentences:

15.

'To tell the truth I think you are to blame for going to sleep to kill time.'

'To think that any one, who can help it, should be content to live with nothing to do!'

[Consider carefully the uses of the gerundial infinitive specified on p. 150 and the examples in illustration of them.]

16. Give the derivation and definition of the term Participle.

Shew how your answer applies to the participles in the following

sentence:

'In playing tennis he was always forgetting that a ball returned by his opponent, if it touched the top of the net dividing the courts, was likely to twist.'

['Participle,' from the Latin pars, ‘part,' capio, 'take'; Participles are so called because they participate in the character of both adjective and verb. Like adjectives they limit the application of nouns; like verbs (when formed from transitive verbs) they are followed by an object.]

17. Carefully parse the words ending in ing in the following sentence-Fearing that the load was injuring the horses I felt no more pleasure in travelling through that entrancing scenery.'

[Notice that entrancing, though originally a participle describing an act, has here become an adjective describing a quality. Like an adjective, therefore, it precedes the noun which it limits: as a participle, its position would naturally be after the noun, as in the phrase 'the scenery entrancing our eyes.' As an adjective it can be qualified by very, but our English idiom does not allow us to qualify participles by very. We can say 'very entrancing scenery,' but not 'the scenery entrancing our eyes very.' There are indeed a few past participles which usage permits us to qualify by the use of very,-participles of such common occurrence that they are treated as adjectives; 'very pleased,' 'very tired.' But much is used with past participles regarded as past participles:

!

we say 'much hurt,' 'much applauded,' ‘much abused,' not 'very hurt,' 'very applauded,' 'very abused.']

18. What is a Gerund? and how is it different from the Imperfect Participle? Give examples.

Write down three sentences, in which the word 'walking' is used as a participle, an adjective, and a verbal noun, respectively.

19. i. 'Seeing is believing.'

What different opinions have been held by grammarians as to the origin and nature of this idiom?

ii. I heard of him running away.'

Is there any error in this sentence? If so, correct it, stating your reasons for the change you make.

[i. These forms in ing have been called nouns, gerunds, and infinitives. The Old English termination of the verbal noun was -ung; the infinitive ended in -an, and its dative case, which served as a gerund, ended in

-anne.

ii. This sentence is not necessarily ungrammatical, but it conveys a meaning which is different from what was probably intended. As it stands, running is a participial adjunct of him, and the meaning is 'I heard of him, when he was running away.' But the speaker's intention was doubtless to state that he heard, not of him, but of the running away. In that case the sentence ought to be 'I heard of his running away,' where running is not a participle but a gerund.]

20. In how many different ways may the word judging be parsed? Illustrate each of them by a sentence.

21. Correct the following sentences:

'I heard of him saying as you were ill.'
'I soon expect to hear of it being done.'

[Notice the position of the adverb soon. Which word should it qualify? Put it next to that word.]

'The forgiving injuries is a Christian duty.'

[Alter in two ways, making forgiving (1) a Verbal Noun, (2) a Gerund.]

'His friends were very alarmed to find that he had weakened instead of strengthened his position.'

[Can we say 'very alarmed'? A finite part of the verb cannot follow a preposition of requires the gerund. Or we can correct the sentence without altering strengthened, if we substitute for instead of, either and not or rather than.]

'If I had only ran the last few yards instead of walked, I should have caught the train easy enough.'

'If I had not broke your stick instead of hit you with it, you would never have ran home nor begun to tell those kind of lies which nobody but foolish men believe.'