accurate knowledge of the object in natural history to which they originally referred. After all, I am aware that some articles may be found defective, and leave the inquisitive reader uninformed or unconvinced. Such defect was unavoidable, when, after the utmost research, no satisfactory information could be procured. All that I can add is, that I have availed myself of every advantage within my reach to render the whole as complete and satisfactory as possible; and now commit the work to the public, with a hope that it may be found a useful, and prove an acceptable addition to those writings in which the Sacred Scriptures have been most successfully explained. though I have been obliged to in- | the emphasis and beauty which troduce those words from the they derive from an original Hebrew on which my criticisms were founded, I have taken care to give the reading in European letters, and very seldom have introduced any thing from the Greek or Latin without a translation, or so blending it in the text as to render a literal version unnecessary; and I have studied to make this least entertaining part of my work in some degree interesting even to those who have been little accustomed to such kind of disquisitions. To some of the general illustrations are added such historical facts, reflections, or reasonings, as appeared calculated to render the subject more instructive and useful; and I have occasionally enlivened the dulness of mere discussion by the introduction of poetical versions or quotations; with the design of obtaining, as far as was in my power, the double object of writing, a union of enter tainment with utility. In the course of the work, a new translation has been given of a great many separate passages, and some whole chapters of scripture, with remarks and illustrations correcting the errors which were the consequence of their being misunderstood, and pointing out the precision and force, DORCHESTER (U. S.), November, 1820. The alphabetic arrangement consists only of those names which are found in our translation of the Bible. Next is the Hebrew word; and the passages referred to are those in which the Hebrew word is found in the original. In several instances, our Translators have given the same English to different words in the original; this I have noted, and made references to them at the end of the articles. CATALOGUE OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES QUOTED IN THE FOLLOWING work. ALPINUS (Prosp.) De Plantis Ægyp-| ti. 4to. 2 tom. Lug. 1735. ALTMAN (Geo.) De Gallicinio à Petro in Edibus Pontificis audito. [Extat in Bibliotheca Bremensis. Cl. v. Fascic. iii. p. 451.] ALTMAN (Geo.) Ad Locum Act. xiv. 14. de Lydia Thyatyrensi Observationes. [Bibl. Brem. Cl. v. Fasc. iv. p. 670.] BIEL (J. C.) De Purpura Lydiæ. [Bib. Brem. Cl. iii. Fasc. iii. p. 409.] BIEL (J. C.) De Lignis ex Libano ad Salomonis Templum ædificandum. [Symbol. Hagana Liber. Cl. iv. par. 1.] BOCHART (Sam.) Hierozoicon; sive de Animalibus S. Scripturæ. Recensuit suis Notis adjectis C. F. C. ROSENMULLER. Lips. 1793. 4to. 3 tom. BRAUNIUS (J.) Vestitus Sacerdotum Hebræorum. 4to. Amst. 1680. BRUCE'S (James) Select Specimens of Natural History, collected in Travels to discover the Source of the Nile, in Egypt, Arabia, Abyssinia, and Nubia. (This is numbered as the Sixth Volume of his Travels.) 8vo. Dublin, 1790. BRYANT'S (Jacob) Observations on the Plagues inflicted on the Egyptians; in which is shown the Peculiarity of those Judgments, and their Correspondence with the Rites and Idolatry of that People. 8vo. London, 1794. CALMET'S (Aug.) Great Dictionary of the Bible, with Continuation, and Scripture Illustrated by means of Natural Science, in Botany, Natural History, &c." by C. TAYLOR. 4to. 4 vols. London, 1797-1803. CELSIUS. (Ol.) Hierobotanicon; sive de Plantis Sacræ Scripturæ. 8vo. 2 vols. Amst. 1748. COCQUIUS. (Adr.) Phytologia Sacra; seu Historia ac Contemplatio sacra Plantarum, Arborum, et Herbarum, quarum sit Mentio in Sacra Scriptura. 4to. Ulissing. 1664. DRUSIUS (J.) De Mandragora Tractatus. 4to. FORSKAL (Pet.) Flora ÆgyptiacoArabica, 4to. Hauniæ, 1775. FORSKAL (Pet.) Descriptiones Animalium, Avium, Amphibiorum, Piscium, Insectorum, Vermium, quæ in Itinere Orientali observavit. 4to. Hauniæ, 1775. FORSKAL (Pet.) Icones Rerum naturalium quas in Itinere Orientali depingi curavit. 4to. Hauniæ, 1776. FORSTER (J. R.) Liber singularis de Bysso Antiquorum. 8vo. London, 1776. FRANZIUS (Wolfang.) Animalium Historia Sacra. 12mo. ed. 5. Amst. 1653. GEDDES'S (Alex.) Critical Remarks on the Hebrew Scriptures. 4to. London, 1800. HARMER'S (Tho.) Outlines of a new Commentary on Solomon's Song. 8vo. London, 1768. HARMER'S (Tho.) Observations on Passages of Scripture, by reference to Travels into the East, &c. 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1787. HASSELQUIST'S (Fred.) Travels into the Levant. 8vo. Lon. 1766. HILLER (Matt.) Hierophyticon; sive, Commentarius in Loca S. Scripturæ quæ Plantarum faciunt mentionem. 4to. Traj. a d'Rhen. 1725. HURDIS'S (James) Critical Disser viii CATALOGUE OF AUTHORITIES QUoted. tation upon the true Meaning of the Word, found in Genesis i. 21. 8vo. London, 1790. HURDIS'S (James) Select Critical Remarks upon the English Version of the first Ten Chapters of Genesis. 8vo. London, 1793. KIESLING (J. R.) De Xerophagia apud Judæos, &c. Lips. 1746. LEMNIUS (Levin.) Herbarum atque Arborum quæ in Bibliis passim obvia sunt, et ex quibus Sacri Vates similitudines desumunt, ac Collationes Rebus accommodant, dilucida Explicatio. 8vo. Antw. 1566. LEMNIUS (Levin.) De Gemmis, &c. 12mo. Franeq. 1591. MAJUS (Henry) Historia Animalium in Sacro imprimis Codice memoratorum. 8vo. Francof. 1686. MICHAELIS (J. D.) Recueil de Questions proposées à une Société de Savants, qui par Order de sa Majesté Danoise font le Voyage de l'Arabie. 4to. Amst. 1774. MICHAELIS'S (J.D.) Commentaries on the Laws of Moses; translated by Alexander Smith, D.D. 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1814. NEWTON (Tho.) Herbal for the Bible. 1587. 12mo. NIEBUHR (C.) Description de l'Arabie. 4to. Amst. 1774. NIEBUHR (C.) Voyage en Arabie. 4to. 2 vols. Amst. 1786. NOVELLIUS (A.) Schediasma de Avibus sacris arbeh, chagab, solam, et chargol, Levit. xi. 21, 22. [Bib. Brem. Cl. iii. p. 36.] RUDBEC (Olaus) Ichthyologiæ Biblicæ. Upsal, 1722. 2 vols. 4to. RUSSEL'S (Alex.) Natural History of Aleppo and the Parts adjacent. 2d edition enlarged. London, 1794. 2 vols. 4to. SCHEUCHZER (J. J.) Physique Sacrée. Amst. 1732. 8 vols. folio. [With 750 Plates.] SCHUMACHER (J. H.) De Cultu Animalium inter Egyptios et Judæos, Commentatio ex recondita Antiquitate illustrata. 4to. Bruns. 1773. SHAW'S (Tho.) Travels; or, Observations relating to several Parts of Barbary and the Levant. 2d edit. 4to. London, 1757. SHODER (F.J.) Hierozoici ex S. Bocharto, Itinerariis variis aliisque doctissimorum Virorum Commentariis ac Scriptiunculis accommodata ad plurimorum Usus compositi. Tubinge, 1784. 12mo. STENGEL (J.) De Junipero Biblica. [Bib. Brem. Cl. vii. p. 856.] STRAND (B. J.) Flora Palestina. [In Amenit. Acad. Linnæi. vol. 4.] TYCHSEN (O. G.) Physiologus Syrus; seu, Historia Animalium xxxii. in S. S. Memoratum, Syriace: e Codice Bibliothecæ Vaticanæ nunc primum ed. 12mo. Rostock. 1795. URSINUS (J. H.) Arboretum Biblicum. Norib. 1663. 12mo. URSINUS (J. H.) Continuatio Historiæ Plantarum Biblicæ. Norimb. 1665. 12mo. VALTERUS (J. E.) Aquila Natura Sacris Literis et ex Historia naturali et Monumentis Veterum illustratæ. 4to. Lips. 1747. OUTRIEN (J. D') De Piscina Be-e thesda. [Bib. Brem. Cl. 1. Fasc. v. p. 597.] PAXTON (George) Illustrations of VANSITTART'S (Wm.) New Transthe Holy Scriptures, from the Geo-lation of the XLIX. Psalm; with graphy and Natural History of the East, and from the Customs of ancient and modern Nations. 2 vols. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1819. PHILO (Judæus) Περι ζωων των Els Ovolas. Inter Opera. RAUWOLF (L.) Flora Orientalis: edit. J. F. Gronovius. 8vo. Lug. Bat. 1755. Remarks critical and philological on Leviathan described in the XLI. Chapter of Job. 8vo. Oxford, 1810. VANSITTART'S (Wm.) Observations on select Places of the Old Testament, founded on a Perusal of Parson's Travels from Aleppo to Bagdad. 8vo. Oxford, 1812. QUOTATIONS FROM AUTHORS WHO HAVE EXPRESSED AN OPINION OF THE NECESSITY AND UTILITY OF A WORK OF THIS KIND. I. GLASSIUS. Philologia Sacra: edit. DATHIL et malium, herbarum, et gemmarum nomina non habent, quæ in lingua hebraica occurrunt. Veteres autem interpretes hac in re non esse fidos magistros et duces certos, quos absque periculi errore sequamur, inde elucet, quia ipsi inter se maxime dissentiunt, et alter hanc, alter illam vim nominibus ad Historiam Naturalem pertinentibus tribuit. Naturæ peritus autem non tantum multa distinctius et clarius intelliget, quæ imperito obscura sunt, sed e criteriis passim de illis rebus proditis divinare facilius poterit, quæ bestiæ, plantæ, gemmæ innuantur. Bene AUGUSTINUS, lib. ii. de Doctrina Christiana, c. xv. monet: "Rerum physicarum ignorantia facit obscuras figuratas locutiones, quum ignoramus vel animantium vel lapidum vel herbarum naturas, aliarumque rerum, quæ plerumque in Scripturis similitudinis alicujus gratia ponuntur." Tom. ii. p. 290. "HISTORIE Naturalis scientia interpres Veteris Testamenti carere non potest. Frequens enim mentio animalium ferorum et cicurum, arborum et plantarum, necnon gemmarum injicitur. Moses inter animalia munda et immunda discrimen facit, aliis ut cibo uti permittit, ab aliorum esu abstinendum jubet. Prophetæ sæpenumero animalia commemorant, quæ in solitudine degunt et rudera oppidorum dirutorum incolunt. In Jobi carmine multi lapides pretiosi nominantur, uti etiam in variis prophetarum oraculis; et nullus in universum liber est, in quo non herbæ, plantæ, frumenti species, feræ agrestes et animalia domestica, homini familiaria, aliæque res ad Historiam Naturalem pertinentes producantur. Sic in carmine Jobæo equus bello aptus, asinus sylvestris, struthiocamelus, aquila, crocodilus, et hippopotamus Obs. in Biblioth. Bremensis. Class. vii. uberius describuntur. II. STENGEL. Fascic. 5. p. 857. Ad hæc loca, in quibus illæ res naturales commemorantur, recte ex- "SI quæ in Sacrarum Literarum inplicanda, multum usum Historiæ Naturalis scientia præstat, sine qua multa in sacris monumentis non bene intelliguntur, idque eo magis, quia nominum, quibus animalia, plantæ, lapides significantur, explicatio maximam partem incerta et dubia est. Etenim dialecti cognatæ multa ani terpretatione difficilia occurrunt vocabula, sunt sane ea quæ technica alias dici, quibus plantæ, quibus et arbores, et similia designari solent. Cum enim destituti sæpius sumus si non omni, saltem uberiori supellectili, ex qua varias easque certas vocum Orientalium significationes X QUOTATIONS FROM AUTHORS. eruere possumus, accidit ut ad conjecturas, probabilitates, &c. vel ex substrata materia, vel etiam, quod ultimum, idque dubium admodum remedium esse omnes Philologi fatentur, ex etymologia petitas confugiendum est. III. J. D. MICHAELIS. Oratio de Defectibus Historia Naturalis ac Philologia, Itinere in Palestinam Arabiamque, suscepto sarciendis. pro iis quæ præstitit, eundem tamen multa aliis reliquisse, in non paucis animalium nominibus etiam errasse, de quibusdam historias tradidisse ex aliis auctoribus excerptas, quarum fides laboratura sit, donec explorator in Arabiam missus diuque ibi versatus certiora referat, multorum animalium ignotorum, quæ verbis ab ipso descripta sunt, desiderari imaginem, sine qua vix quidquam bibliorum lector intelligat." [In Comment. Soc. Reg. Gotting. tom. iii. ad an. 1753, p. 21. MICHAELIS. "Recueil de Questions, "POUR bien entendre le Vieux Tes- " HERBARUM quidem et arborum ignotarum, quæ in Sacro Codice commemorantur, nomina ab Arabum botanicis scriptoribus sæpe servata esse, ex CELSII Hierobotanico intelligitur: eadem in vocabulariis GOLII aliorumque supersunt, licet plerumque nihil aliud addatur nisi herbæ aut arboris nomen esse; in Palæstina eadem Arabiaque vigent adhuc atque in quotidiano usu versantur. Poteruntne hæ suarum terrarum per petuæ indigenæ diligentiam fugere botanici Arabice docti, cui in Palæstina Arabiave annum aut biennium versari liceat? His autem rite investigatis, ad quarum nomina interpretes non omnes adscribere solent, herbam esse, arborem esse, alii genus herbæ arborisque addunt nostris terris familiare, Palæstinæ ignotum, ipse persæpe CELSIUS opiniones aliorum subjungit, ex quibus, non sua culpa, eam optat, quæ non vera est, sed quam falsam esse minus apparet. His, inquam, in Oriente inventis, atque imagine expressis, quæ oculis lectorum subjici possit, quam lucebunt veneranda illa non divinitate solum sed antiquitate biblia!morable de l'antiquité orientale. Je Quorum non ultima laus est quod innumeras a rerum natura imagines petant, herbarumque et arborum, quarum in exiguo libello plusquam ducenta, atque ex his multa sæpe redeuntia leguntur nomina frequentem faciant mentionem." "De animalibus, quæ Oriens alit, id affirmabo unum, immortales BOCHARTO gratias deberi ne sais, en effet, nommer aucun autre livre, aucun du moins dont le sujet soit moral, qui puisse rendre à cet égard les mêmes services aux sciences. M. le Docteur HEILMANN, dans un discours qui a été imprimé, a fait voir combien la Philosophie doit à l'Ecriture Sainte, et assurément l'Histoire Naturelle n'a pas moins d'obligations à ce saint livre." |