(d) Dialect Rime, or the use of a rime-word from other than Chaucer's usual dialect. See Skeat VI: xxiii-xxiv, Lounsbury, Studies I 387.

(e) Impure Rime, which in Chaucer appears as the riming of close and open vowels or of short and long vowels.

For of this world the feith is al agoon!
Alas! what sholden straunge to me doon.

A long surcote of pers upon he hadde,
And by his syde he bar a rusty blade.

Troilus II: 410-11.

Prol. 619-20.

See ten Brink, op. cit. §§ 325-326; Skeat VI : xxxi ff.; E. W. Bowen on the confusion between close and open ō in Chaucer's rimes, Engl. Stud. 20:341-4.

A comment by G. R. Noyes on "A Peculiar Rime in Chaucer", Mod. Lang. Notes 19: 256, is corrected by J. S. P. Tatlock, ibid. 20: 126.

A much greater variation in the character of the riming vowels is by modern poets regarded as permissible; see Brander Matthews in Longman's Magazine for Sept. 1898, pp. 449-459, A. G. Newcomer and others in the Nation, 1899 1:63, 83, 109, 145, and 1898 I: 129, 147, II: 241, 310.

(f) Another form of inexact rime is assonance, or the disagreement of the consonantal elements of the rime.

Syke: endyte: whyte.

Troilus II: 884-887. See ten Brink, op. cit. § 329; Lounsbury, Studies I: 394 ff.; Skeat VI: lvi-lvii, opposing Lounsbury.

The Rime Test

It was argued by Bradshaw and by ten Brink (see Temp. Preface pp. 107-110, and Studien p. 22) that Chaucer did not rime together words etymologically ending in -y and those ending in -ye. Largely on this ground, Bradshaw separated Chaucer's genuine works from the spurious. See Lounsbury, Studies I:372, 388, Skeat VI: lvii ff. The occurrence of chivalrye: Gy in the undoubted tale of Sir Thopas has occasioned some discussion and has given Saintsbury, Hist. of Criticism I: 450, Hist. Eng. Prosody I: 145 note, opportunity to express his express his agnosticism. See ten Brink, Sprache und Versk. § 327, Lounsbury, Studies I: 388.

For Chaucer's "economy in rime" see Lowes, Publ. Mod. Lang. Assn. 20:797 ff. For his elaborate treatment of rime see the Venus and the envoy to the Clerk's Tale, where the changes are rung on a small set of rimes; Lydgate imitates his master in this. For medial rime see the Anelida.

Regarding the avoidance of rimes in -y and -ye by Chaucer, it is curious to note his apparent fondness for introducing rimes of -ē and of -ye in close conjunction; see Wife of Bath's prol. 31-34, 93-96, 513-516, Nun's Priest's Tale 609-612, Summoner's Tale 499502, Second Nun's Tale 134-137, etc.

Rime-Indexes have been published by the Chaucer Society, to the Canterbury Tales (Ellesmere MS) by Cromie; to Troilus and Cressida by Skeat; to the Minor Poems by Marshall and Porter. See 2d series Nos. XLV (XLVI, XLVII), LXXXIV, LXXVIII, (LXXX).

Style

Das Sprichwort bei Chaucer. W. Haeckel. Leipzig, 1890, pp. 77. Reviewed Koeppel, Anglia Beiblatt 2: 169-173; Hippe, Engl. Stud. 18:232; Schröer, Ztschr. f. vergl. Littgesch. 4:261. See further Andrae, Anglia Beiblatt 3: 276-282, 4:330.

Das Bild bei Chaucer F. Klaeber. Berlin, 1893, pp. 450. diss. ibid. 1892, pp. 36.

Reviewed Andrae, Anglia Beiblatt 5:33-37; Nation 1893 II: 158.

Die Versicherungen bei Chaucer. H. Lange, diss. Halle, 1891, pp. 55.

Reviewed Kaluza, Engl. Stud. 22: 77.

Ueber Chaucers Naturschilderungen. E. Ballerstedt. diss. Göttingen, 1891, pp. 92.

On this point see also the chapter in F. W. Moorman's ed. of Browne's Britannia's Pastorals, in Quellen und Forschungen 81 (1897), and Moorman's The Interpretation of Nature in English Poetry from Beowulf to Shakespeare, in Quellen und Forschungen 95 (1905).

This latter is reviewed with praise by C. H. Herford, Mod. Lang. Review 2: 179-181.

See also the chapter in Alice E. Pratt's diss., The Use of Color in the Verse of the English Romantic Poets, Univ. of Chicago 1898; and C. Weichardt, Die Entwicklung des Naturgefühls in der mittelengl. Dichtung vor Chaucer. diss. Kiel, 1900, PP. 96.

On the question of wordpairs in Chaucer see John Earle, Philology of the English Tongue, Oxford 1892, §§ 77, 78. Earle's theory is opposed by O. F. Emerson, Mod. Lang. Notes 8: 403-411; to which Earle replied ibid. 9: 121-124, see Emerson ibid. 9:423427. Cp. also Lounsbury, Studies II: 153-4, Kittredge in Harvard Studies I: 61-62. Paul Meyer ascribes the same tendency to Cax

ton, Furnivall to the Bible and Prayerbook; see Athen. 1895 I: 284. Saintsbury, Hist. of Eng. Prosody I: 149, alludes to the “wellknown reduplication of synonyms." See:

Abwechselung und Tautologie. Zwei Eigentümlichkeiten des alt- und mittelenglischen Stiles. L. Kellner. Engl. Stud. 20: 1-24. Chaucer's tendency to repetition is noted Section III F here. "Epanophora”, or the beginning of successive lines with the same word or phrase, is mentioned by Saintsbury, Hist. Eng. Prosody I: 149.

Chaucer's use of padding phrases has not received adequate treatment. See Lange's dissertation on Die Versicherungen etc., mentioned above, and Chaucer's Verse-Tags as a Part of his Narrative Machinery. C. M. Hathaway. Jour. Gc. Phil., 5: 476484.

The occurrence of such phrases in rime is of course more frequent than in other positions. We may note the difficulty of a rime for other, and Chaucer's consequent use of the awkward locution my leve brother, Manc. Tale 117-118, Mill. Tale 661-662, MLheadlink 51-52, HoFame 815-816, 795-796, better used in KnTale 323-4.

A paper on the Rhetoric of Verse in Chaucer, by J. W. Bright, is abstracted at some length in Publ. Mod. Lang. Assn. 16: xl.-xliii. A paper by Woodbridge on Chaucer's Classicism is in Jour. Gc. Phil. I: III.

G. Glossaries and Dictionaries

The first glossary in an edition of Chaucer was that appended to the Speght Chaucer of 1598. This glossary was preceded by the Vocabula Chauceriana of 1594, as described below; and Spenser's Shepherd's Calendar, 1579, was drawn upon by the author of the Vocabula. No dictionary previous to those of Skinner (1671), and Junius (before 1677, though not published until 1743), systematically included Chaucerian words, although Cowel's Interpreter of 1607 and Blount's Glossographia of 1656 made reference to and explained various Chaucerian passages, especially legal phrases.

Spenser's (and E. K.'s) explanations and usages were largely of simple, we may say colloquial, terms, such as unnethes, sicker, whilom, yode. His vocabulary, disapproved of by his contemporaries Sidney, Daniel, and Ben Jonson, is discussed by Wagner in his dissertation On Spenser's Use of Archaisms, Halle, 1879, 60 pages. Wagner gives, on pp. 13-20, a list of Spenserian words out of use in Spenser's own time, and on pp. 11-12 a list of words from the dialect of East Lancashire found in Spenser. See also Herford's ed. of the Shepherd's Calendar, Lond. and N. Y. 1897, introd. pp. xlviii ff. Herford remarks that Spenser's archaic terms are not all Chaucerian, which is true also of the Vocabula Chauceriana, see

below. Undoubtedly the revival of "Spenserian" vocabulary by the early Romanticists, Prior, Akenside, Shenstone, and Thomson, did much to bring Early English words again into literary usage; and our understanding of such terms as eft, glee, whilom, etc., is due to in the transactions of the (London) Philological Society, 1865, vol. For an annotated list of English dictionaries see H. B. Wheatley in the transactions of the (London) Philological Society, 1865, vol. 17, pp. 219-293; and see the preface to Worcester's dictionary. The New English Dictionary, with its copious examples of word usages, chronologically arranged, is of especial interest to the student of Chaucer. Stratmann's Middle English Dictionary has long been inadequate.

Vocabula Chauceriana quaedam se- | lectiora, et minus | vulgaria ipsae ho- | die Poetarum deliciae, vnà cum | eorum significatis. In gratiam omnium huius linguae studioso- rum. praecipuè vero Peomatum, discerp- | ta, & in hunc ordinem digesta. Eodem Authore Stellis, ac herbis vis est, sed maxima verbis.

[Forms the last part of the following work:]

Grammatica | Anglicana, | praecipuè quatenus à La- | tina differt, ad | unicam P. Rami | methodum concinnata. | In quae perspicuè docetur quicquid ad huius linguae cognitionem requiritur Authore P. G. | Cantabrigiae | Ex officina Iohannis Legatt. Extant Londoni ad insigne Solis in Coemiterio D. Pauli 1594.

According to Lowndes, s. v. Grammatica Anglicana, only one copy known, in the Grenville Library of the Brit. Mus. The Brit. Mus. Cat. ascribes it to "P. Greenwood?”

Collation: A-E in eights. Title as above, A1 recto; complimentary stanza by A. C. on verso. A2-A4, Lectori Salutem (Epistola). Grammatica Anglicana, etc., A-C. Dictionariolum vocum Anglicarum, quae passim in libello occurrunt, C-E'. Analysis Grammatica ad nostrae huius artis praecepta unicè conformata, E2-E. Vocabula Chauceriana, E3-E®.

The words are arranged in columns, grouped under the letters of the, alphabet, accompanied in parallel columns by their meanings, briefly given. The list of the words themselves, with a few of the meanings in parentheses, is as follows: ander, anempst, antique (auncient), to appall; bale (ruth, pinching care, miserie), banne, barne, behest, belt (girdle), to bidde, bilive, blandishment, to blazon, bleake (a storme), to blend, to boote, to bourd, bowne, bowrs (lodgings, rooms, secret places of aboade), breme (bitter, chill or cold), to busse, bust (to goe about, or meddle); to carroll (to sing, daunce), carre (chariot or wagon), to cleape, coint (queint, nicely strange), to con (to can), cragge (necke), to craule; to deare (to trouble, molest, or grieve), deele, to deeme, din (noise), to doffe, to don, drerie (dolsome, unluckie, terrible);

ennaunter, erst; to feime (to rage, to chafe), to flite, freme; gab (a lie), to garre, glee (mirth, melodie), to greete (to weepe, mourne, lament), guerdon; hight; ick (I), ilke; keene (sharpe, fierce), to kenne, kerne, kirke, kole (pottage broth); lamkins (young lambs), lasse (wench, maide, or girl), lay (song, dittie, or tune), to leake (to play, to sport as children doe), leife, to ligge, lither, lore (practise, deede), to lout (to reuerence, to doe obeyance with the legge), lundey (sturdy, stubborn, forward); macht, meede, to mell, meth, mickle, midding (dunghill), to ming (to speake of, to shew in words), mirke, marke (darke, obscure), mone (lamentation, sorrow, waylinge); neve (fist), nooke; to pight (to pitch, set downe, addresse); quell (to abate, or kill); rayes, to reede, recke, reeke, ruth; sam (together), sarke, scathe, to shend, sib, sith (times), to sneb (checke or controll), soote (sweete), source, spell (a charme, verse, or worde used of exorcists in their magical conclusions, but sometimes used in better part, as Godspell, for Gods spell), stanke (faint, wearie), starke, stowre or stownd (fit, passion, perplexitie); teene (revengfull wrath, inveterate malice), to thoile (to suffer, permit to be willing, to impart to another), to thrill, throb (a sigh, groane); uncouth (unknowne, unkent, strange); to waxen, weede, to weene, welkin, weele, to wend, to weete, whilke, whilom, to wield, wight (any live creature), wimble (nimble, quick, deliver), to wite, woode, to wonne, wracke, to wreake; yore (long agoe, afore time), to yeede (to goe, to wende). Finis.

Of these 120 words, about 40 are used by Spenser in the Shepherd's Calendar, published 15 years before the Grammatica Anglicana, and are given in the later work explanations almost identical with those of Spenser. About 35 of the words do not occur either in Spenser or in the blackletter Works of Chaucer.

The Grammatica Anglicana, with this Vocabula, is to be ed. by M. Rösler and R. Brotanek, Halle, in the series of Eng. grammars under Brotanek's supervision.

Speght. The Chaucer of 1598 contains, after the list of Lydgate's works, beginning on the next recto, sig. Aaaa i, 7 leaves which are filled with "The old and obscure words of Chaucer, explaned." The words are arranged three columns to a page, with brief explanation of each; a little over 2000 are thus treated. There are no references to the text, and the interpretation given is often a guess from the context, cp. blackburied, clum, herawdes, momblishnesse, etc. In a few cases the editor honestly left the explanation unattempted, e. g., hoppesteres, ruell bone. In some other cases the reader is referred to the Annotations, which follow later in the volume, Bbbb iii, after lists of Chaucer's French words and of most of the authors cited by him. These are headed "Corrections of some faults, and Annotations vpon some places"; they include various parallels from Seneca and from the Greek, comments on astrological allusions, explanations of begin the board, the orders four, sell shields, go to vigile, magic natural, vernacle, curfew, Gawyn with his olde courtesye, Valerie and Theophrast,