sometimes dislike and disesteem; as, reproach, reject, rejec

tion.

22. Retro, which signifies backward; as, retrospect, retrogade motion.

23. Se which signifies without, or by itself; as secure separate, seclude.

2. Sub, which signifies under; as, to subscribe.

25. Subter, which also siguifies under; as, subterfuge, i. e. a refuge under.

26. Super, which signifies upon, over, or above; as superscription, superfluous.

27. Trans, which signifies over or beyond; as, to trans port, to transgress; sometimes it signifies the moving from one place to another; as, to transplant, to transpose: sometimes it denotes the changing of one thing into another; as, to transform, transubstantiation.

Q. Which are the prepositions in composition derived from the Greek?

A. 1. A, which signifies privation or not; as, anonymous anarchy.

2. Amphi, which signifies on both sides and about; as, amphibious, amphitheatre, amphibology.

3. Anta and anti, which signifies against; as, antagonist, antichrist.

4. Hyper, which signifies over and above; as, hyperbole, 5. Hypo, which signifies under; as, hypocrisy.

6. Meta, which signifies beyond; or else denotes the changing of one thing into another; as, metaphor, metamorphosis. 7. Peri, which signifies about; as, periodical, periphery. 8. Syn, which signifies with or together; as synod, syntax.

CHAP. X.

OF AN INTERJECTION.

Q. WHAT is an interjection?

A. An interjection is a part of speech, which denoteth a sudden passion of the mind, without the help of any other words; and therefore interjections are as various as the sudden passions of the mind themselves; as, ho, brave boys! here is news for you.

Q. Which are the interjections?

4. These following are some of them: ah! alack! alas! away! fie! foh! good lack! good sir! ha, ha, be! ha'! heigh! hem! ho hoi! how now! hush! now! O! oh! O brave! O strange! O hoe! pish! shuh! sirrah! soho S sh well done! well said! when ! we!

CHAP. XI.

OF THE DERIVATION OF WORDS.

Q. WHAT is the derivation of words?

A. It shows how every word may be formed in its proper case, mood, tense, and quality.

Q. How is the genitive case singular formed, without the preposition of prefixed?

A. By putting's to the substantive of the possessor; as, the master's eye, i. e. the eye of the master makes the horse fat.

Note. I. That the possessor, or the thing possessed, with this termination's, may be accounted either a substantive of the genitive singular, or an adjective possessive; as, my master's son, where master's is an adjective possessive; which may be properly rendered otherwise, by the genitive case, the son of my

master.

2. It must nevertheless be carefully observed, that the single s added to the end of a word, which before ended in c does not make such a word a genitive case, or an adjective possessive; neither does it add any syllable to the word; for the e to which it is added, is cast away in the pronunciation, and the s, only adds to the number of that word, and is sounded together with the last consonant thereof; as, in the words share, shares, trade, trades; spade, spades; &c. except where the words end in ge; as, cage, cages; or se; as, case, cases ; or ee; as, lace, laces.

Q. How are verbs derived from other parts of speech?

4. Many substantives, and sometimes adjectives; and sometimes the other parts of speech become verbs, by prefixing the sign to, before them, or by adding the termination en to the adjective; as, from a house comes to house; from warm, to warm; from hard, to harden.

Q. Do not substantives come sometimes from verbs?

A. Yes; almost every verb has some substantive coming from it; for by the edition of er to the ending of the present fense, comes a substantive signifying the agent or doer, which is therefore called a verbal noun; as, from to hear; comes a hearer; from to carry, a carrier.

Note. Some substantives are formed from verbs, by the addition of or to the ending of the present tense; as from to govern, comes a governor; from to solicit, a solicitor; from to visit, a visitor: from to possess, a possessor; from to sail, a sailor; from to vend or sell, a vendor; also from to contribute, comes a contributor; and from to survive, a survivor, dropping the e.

Q. Are not adjectives sometimes formed from substantives; A. Yes; 1. By adding the termination y, are formed adjectives of plenty or of abounding; as, from health, comes healthy; from wealth, wealthy.

2-By adding, the termination en, are formed adjectives, that signify the matter out of which any thing is made; as,

from ash, comes ashes; from birch, birchen; from oak, oaken; &c. as, an oaken stick, a birchen broom.

3. By adding the termination ful, are formed adjectives, denoting fulness; as from joy, comes joyful, from youth, youthful; from sin, sinful; also from to abash, bashful: &c.

4. By adding the termination some are formed adjectives, denoting much the same; as, from trouble, comes troublesome, from game, gamesome; &c. though sometimes the e is left out.

5. By adding the termination less, are formed adjectives, signifying want; as, from worth, comes worthless; from help, helpless; from tooth, toothless; &c.

Note. The same thing is also signified by un, in or im, prefixed to adjectives; as unpleasant, indecent, improper, &c.

6. By adding the termination ly, are formed adjectives, which denote likeness; as, from man comes manly; from God, godly; also from to fit comes fitly; from certain, certainly, &c.

7. By adding the termination ish, are formed adjectives, denoting the same thing; as, from wolf comes wolfish; from child, childish; sheep, sheepish; &c. also from books comes bookish; and from to tickle comes ticklish.

Note. 1. From adjectives, by adding the same termination, are formed adjec tives diminutive; as, from green comes greenish, soft, softish; hard, hardisb, &c.

2. There are also some national names which end in ish; as, English, Spanish, Danish, &c. and in ic; Britannic, Germanic, Italic.

Q. By what other means are words derived from their primitives?

A. By adding -ship, -dom, -rick, -wick, -ness, -head, -hood. 1. Words ending in ship, denote office, employment, or condition; as, stewardship, fellowship, lordship, &c.

2. Words ending in -dom, signify, office or charge with power and dominion, or without them; as, popedom, kingdom. Also,

They signify the state, condition, quality, propriety, and place in which a person exercises his power; as, freedom thraldom, whoredom, wisdom, dukedom, &c.

3. Words ending in -rick and -wick, denote office and dominion; as, bishoprick, baily wick.

Note. ment and age are purely French terminations, and have the same meaning with us, as with them, and scarce ever occur but in words derived from that language: as commandment, usage.

4. Substantives ending in -ness, signify the essence of the thing; and are formed from adjectives; as, from white, comes whiteness; from hard, hardness, &c.

Note. These are called abstract nouns.

Nouus that end in -head and -hood, denote the state, condition and quality of a thing, or person; as, godhead, manhood, widowhood, brotherhood, livelihood, &c.

Note. There are also substantives (derived from adjectives and verbs) which are made by adding the ending th, with some small change; as, from long comes length; strong, strength; warm, warmth; moon, month; &c. also from to die, comes death; from grow, growth; &c.

OF SUBSTANTIVES DIMINUTIVE.

Q. What is a substantive diminutive?

A. It is another method of derivation, by which a noun is formed, to lessen the sense of its primitive word; as, from lamb come lampkin, which is a little lamb.

1840

CHAP. XII.

OF THE SYNTAX.

Q. What is syntax?

A. It is the disposing of words in their right case, gender, number, person, and mood, tense and place, in a sentence. Q. Give an example?

A. Good boys are not beaten; here the words are placed according to cyntax; whereas should I say, Beaten not are boys good, it would be unintelligible; because here is no syntax in this sentence.

Q. How many kind of sentences are there?

A. Two; simple and compound.

Q. What is a simple sentence?

A. It is that wherein there is but one verb, and one nominative word of the subject, either expressed or understood; as, The boy reads.

Q. What is a compound sentence?

A. It is two simple sentences joined together by a conjunction, or by a relative; as, who, which, that; or by a comparitive word; as, so, as, such, so many, as many more than; as, I am diligent, and you are negligent. He is a naughty boy, who deserves correction.

Q. What do you mean by a nominative word?

A. The word that goes before the verb, and answers to the question who or what; as Boys play; Where it may be asked, Who do play? Answer, Boys

Q. Does the nominative case or words always go before the verb ?

A. Yes; except when a question is asked, and then the nominative case follows the verb, or more commonly the sign of the verb; as, Did John go to London? Do I neglect my business?

Q. What is the construction of the verb with the nominative word?

A. The verbs must be of the same number and person with the nominative word; as, I stand, thou standest, he standeth: Not I standest; thou standeth, he stand.

Q. Is the nominative case to the verb always a substantive? A. No: Sometimes the infinitive mood stands for the nominative word; as, to lie is shameful: and sometimes a whole clause foregoing; as, to rise betimes in the morning, is the most wholesome thing in the world.

Q. If two or more substantives singular come together how must the verb be put?

A. In the plural number; as, Peter and John fight.

Q. What number is the verb put in, when it follows a noun of multitude?

A. It may be put in the plural, when circumstances absolutely determine the case to be more than one; but it is most commonly of the singular number; as, the multitude is very noisy. The heap is removed.

Q. Of what case must these nouns be, which follow verbs, are governed by them?

and

4. Sometimes the genitive; as, take pity of me: sometimes the dative; as, I gave the book to the master: and sometimes the accusative, as, I love my master.

Q. What is the construction of the vocative?

A. The vocative is no part of the sentence, but only the person to whom the sentence is addressed; and is always of the second person singular or plural; as, John! where have you been, that you have staid so long? Ladies! why do you not mind your writing?

Q. Of what is the ablative case governed?

A. The ablative is always governed of some preposition, expressed or understood; such as, in, with, through, for, from, by, and than; as, he took it from me. He went with

you.

CHAP. XIII.

OF TRANSPOSITION.

Q. What is Transposition?

A. It is the placing of words out of their natural order, to render the sound of them more agreeable to the ear.

Example. It cannot be avoided, but that scandals will arise, and differences will grow in the church of God, so longas there is wickedness on earth, or malice in hell.