this dual sign may be said to typify both Christ and Satan, good and evil, life and death. The late Prof. Max Müller, in pointing out that the serpent occurs in all parts of the world as a symbol of many widely different ideas and characteristics, says ('Chips,' vol. iv.) :—

"But who but an evolutionist would dare to say that all these conceptions came from one and the same original germ, that they are all held together by one traditional chain?"

May I venture to suggest that the origin of all may be found in the sign Scorpio? As Satan at the fall of man assumed the form of the Scorpio serpent, so it seems probable there may be in the double-headed eagle a Satanic imitation of the Scorpio eagle. If so, we may expect that when the confederacy of nations is formed under Antichrist, this deformed eagle will be its heraldic emblem. J. M. LAWRENCE.

Mr. J. Lewis André, F.S.A., in his excellent paper on St. George which appeared in the Journal of the Royal Archæological Institute of September, 1900, says that in

"art S. George is represented either on foot or horseback, and generally in combat with the dragon or with the monster dead at his feet. In England I do not know of any example in which the dragon is absent, but Mrs. Jameson observes that when he figures as patron saint of Venice the dragon is usually omitted,' and this is the case also in a noble statue by Donatello at Florence."

And further adds that

"in wall paintings S. George appears oftener on horseback than he does when seen in sculptures, and the steed on which he is seated was, says Cahier, such a magnificent animal that the Picards have retained the expression Saint George belle monture for a fiery steed."

Attached to the church of St. James, Louth, Lincolnshire, there was in 1512-13 a gild under the patronage of St. George which had an image of him in the church. That the saint was on horseback is certain, for in 1538-9 we find charges for taking down and bearing away the image of "Saynct George," and a little after comes a payment of xijd. to the laborers for bearing away the horse pertainyng to Sainct George Image." These passages are from the manuscript accounts of the parish, which have happily been preserved. The same records incidentally speak of the saint's bridle and sword.

The following references to St. George may be of service to future inquirers :

In pageant.-D. Rock, Church of our Fathers, ii. 425. Armour.-Ibid., iii. i. 70.

man's Magazine Library, i. 74. Wall painting at Stotfold, Bedfordshire.-Gentle

Figure, Ruerdean, Gloucestershire.-Ibid., iv. 291. Picture, on horseback, Dartmouth, Kent.-Ibid., vi. 89. Riding the George.-Johnson, Ancient Leicester, 112. EDWARD PEACOCK. Dunstan House, Kirton-in-Lindsey.

HOGARTH'S HOUSE, CHISWICK (9th S. vii. 386).-When John Clare, the Northamptonshire peasant poet, visited "Dante" Cary at Hogarth's House, Chiswick, his host pointed out to him as one of "various memorials connected with the great satirist and moralist the window through which Hogarth eloped with old Thornhill's only daughter" ("Life of John Clare,' by Frederick Martin, 1865, p. 155). JOHN T. PAGE.

West Haddon, Northamptonshire.

friend the late Mr. E. Walford described In Once a Week, Third Series, i. 167-8, our Hogarth's house, garden, mulberry tree, and workshop,

"occupied by Mr. Cock, a worthy gentleman, in whose garden stands Hogarth's portable sundial, duly authenticated. The same gentleman owns Hogarth's chair, a stout, strong armchair, made of cherrywood, and seated with leather. The latter is very much decayed, and one of the arms is a good deal worm-eaten, but the rest is sound and good. This chair, in which Hogarth used to sit and smoke his pipe, was given by the painter's widow to the grandfather of the present owner, who was a martyr to the gout. It moves very easily on primitive stone castors, three in number." THOMAS J. JEAKES.

BLUE BEARD (9th S. vii. 224, 355).-I take the following from 'The Original Blue Beard,' Once a Week, Third Series, vol. i. No. 1 (4 January, 1868), p. 19:

"Gilles hung his victims......When tired of this atrocious amusement, he would plunge a long needle into their necks and take delight in beholding them in their last convulsions."

In "Nouvelle Description de la France, par M. Piganiol De La Force, seconde éd., à Paris, chez Florentin Delaulne, 1722, A.P.D.R.,' v. 228, is the following:

"Machecou est une petite Ville qui est le chef lieu du pays de Raiz. Elle est située sur la rivière l'écoulement du Lac de Grand-lieu. Le Baron de de Tenu qui se perd dans la Loire après avoir reçu Raiz avait anciennement un droit fort singulier sur les Bouchers de Nantes, dont chacun lui devoit donner un denier le jour du Mardi gras. Il devoit le tenir à la main et être prêt à le donner aux gens du Seigneur de Raiz dans l'instant qu'ils lui présentoient une aiguille, et s'il ne l'avoit pas à la main dans ce moment, les gens du Seigneur pou

"A Parlour or inner roome to dine or sup in. G. Parloir. I. Parlóio, à G. Parlér, i. locus

interior vbi sermones committuntur. I. 2. Cenáculo. L. Conáculum, à cœnando, in quod præcipue extructum. Triclinium, Biclinium, à «λívŋ, i. a bed. Quia interdum tres, interdum duos in eo inveniebant lectos accumbentes, sometimes there were three beds, sometimes but two about the table, upon which the guests did sit, or rather lie along in old time," &c.

Littleton (1693) distinguishes between a "parlor, or place to sup in," 'an inward parlor," "a little parlor," and "a summer parlor, made of boards," and gives its Latin equivalent to each. In my youth (in the fifties) parlour denoted the best sitting-room, not the one commonly used by the family, but the one reserved for parties" and solemn occasions, such as a funeral or a wedding. At other times it was rarely used, even on Sundays, unless damp were suspected, and the room needed "airing "-which means, not throwing open to the air, but having a fire put in it. Such a parlour was that in which Wordsworth's suppositive party" "all silent and all d-d"-would assemble. There was something in the very air of these rooms that would reduce any party to silence, and the rest-at least until after supper. I could picture one of them, but pity stays my hand. What I have written refers to the better class of farmhouses in the Midland counties. C. C. B.

GLASGOW UNIVERSITY (9th S. vii. 484).Perhaps, in addition to what N. S. S. has written, the address from the University to thought worthy of record and preservation Leo XIII. and the Pope's reply may be in 'N. & Q.':

Pontifici Maximo Viro Sanctissimo Reverendissimo Eruditissimo Leoni XIII. Universitas tota Glasguensis Cancellarius Rector Professores Graduati Studentes Salutem.

In multo nostro gaudio-quippe mox ferias sæcu lares celebraturi-illud potissimum gratis animis recordari libet quod amplam hanc Universitatem, copiis omnibus hodie ingenii atque operum instructam, ab ipsa sede Apostolica profectam, et cum amantissima Pontificis Maximi commendatione institutam, a maioribus accepimus.

suum in

Doctissimus enim ille Pontifex, Nicolaus Quintus, anno incarnationis Dominicæ millesimo quadringenScotos atque artes amorem præferens, luminibus tesimo quinquagesimo primo, summum ipse omnibus et ingenii et liberalium artium illustrissimus, Studium apud nos Generale institui, et doctores magistros studentesque nostros libertatibus omnibus quæ in Studio civitatis suæ Bononiensis, concessæ fuerant gaudere atque uti voluit. Quod tantum beneficium cum sicut pia filia matri carissimæ acceptam referamus, illud nos decere arbitramur, ut Sanctitatem tuam participem fore nostri gaudii speremus, meritasque Sedi Apostolicæ grates pro tanto merito proferamus.

Oramus igitur ut hanc nostram felicitatem auctoritate tua cumulare digneris; et si per tempora hæc iniqua, per tot maris et viarum difficultates non poterit fieri ut Beatitudo tua adsistat feriantibus, optamus saltem fore ut per alium quemdam benevolum tuum in nos animum significes, et Universitatem hanc nostram, ab erudito Nicolao erectam, a Iacobo Scotorum rege fotam, a Gulielmo Episcopo Glasguensi curatam atque defensam, a multis denique regibus nostris multis auctam beneficiis, eruditissimus ipse litterarumque Latinarum cultor elegantissimus pro humanitate tua amplificare velis, atque ad nova usque sæcula commendare. Dabamus Glasguæ, Idibus Maiis, MCMI. R. HERBERT STORY, Præfectus et Vice-Cancellarius.

suppose the best-known "parlour" is that in which Squire and Capt. Shandy sat and talked so entertainingly with Dr. Slop and Yorick and Trim and Obadiah; that was a "back-parlour." Ordinarily, I think, the "parlour" was a small or moderate-sized room on the ground floor, nearest the front or back door of the house, and preferentially on the right as one entered. It is related of Charles Lamb that he was so struck by certain lines (I forget whose) concluding: "Like a party in a parlour, all silent and all damned," that he one night clung to an area railing, and assailed the revellers within with "You damned party in a parlour! You damned party in a parlour!"

THOMAS J. JEAKES. Tower House, New Hampton.

item Rectori atque Auditoribus Universitatis Studiorum Glasguensis (Glasgow).

LEO PP. XIII.

Iucundas scito Nobis communes litteras vestras fuisse. Memoriam beneficiorum colere, multoque magis ferre præ se palam ac libere, virtus est non humilia nec angusta sentientis animi: atque istiusmodi virtutem libet quidem in vobis agnoscere, studiorum optimorum ingeniique decora præclare cumulantem. Quod enim Lyceum magnum, ubi vestra omnium desudat industria debet Apostolicæ laria ad Romanum Pontificem vestra provolavit Sedi origines suas, idcirco sub solemnia eius sæcucogitatio memor, atque ultro arcessivistis Nosmetipsos in lætitiæ societatem, tamquam desideraturi aliquid, si voluntatis Nostræ significatione in hoc facimusque plurimi tale officium humanitatis cum tempore caruissetis. Equidem gratum habemus iudicii æquitate coniunctum. Memoria autem vetera repetentes, utique diversamur apud vos animo per hos dies, reique tam utiliter a Nicolao V.

Pontifice maximo institutæ cogitatione delectamur. Quo quidem instituto certe magnus ille decessor Noster de Scotorum genere immortaliter meruit; prætereaque et ipse in aperto posuit, Romani Pontificatus virtutem in elegantiam doctrinæ, in studia ingenuarum artium, quibus maxime rebus alitur humanitas gentium, ad incrementum suapte natura influere. Cetera istud maiorum disciplinarum nobile domicilium constanter florere cupimus salutarium ubertate fructuum et gloria nominis: Deumque omnipotentem comprecamur, ut doctos labores vestros omnium genere ad veritatem dirigere, vosque universos perfecta Nobiscum caritate coniungere benigne velit.

Datum Romæ apud S. Petrum die IX. Iunii Anno

MDCCCCI.

[Dr. Fitzedward Hall was the F. H. in question, an American who presumably knew something of his own tongue.]

MALT AND HOP SUBSTITUTES (9th S. vii. 150, 215, 296, 454).—I remember in my youth coming across a distich which at one time would appear to have been a familiar axiom, running somewhat to the effect,

Dancing [?] and heresy, hops and beer, Came into England all in a year,* temp. Reformation, about the middle of the sixteenth century, obviously intended as a "fling" at the Lollard or Gospeller party in religion. After the lapse of three score years, however, I cannot, of course, be certain that my memory serves me truly. Surely dancing was well known and generally practised in England centuries before temp. Hen. VIII., Ed. VI.! Was the word "beer" then invented to describe a malt liquor in which hops were a component in contradistinction to the familiar term "ale"? I believe the hop was introduced into England at about that date. Do I quote correctly? Can and will any reader kindly furnish me with a reference to the metrical saying, or correct or otherwise assist?

GNOMON.

[* Humorously quoted in 'Ingoldsby' in a mock comment on Shakespeare.]

AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED (9th S. vii. 330, 398).—

I fancy that what appears at the first reference to be a fifth line, sequent to the four preceding ones found in Bailey's Festus,' was not intended as such a continuation by H. J. B. C., who asked after the authorship, but was meant to form a separate quotation and inquiry. Taken in that way, with a slight verbal difference as given below, it may be found in Lyman's translation of the Maxims of Publius Syrus' as maxim 829: "It matters not how long you live, but how well." M. C. L. (9th S. vii. 330.)

Thou cam'st not to thy place by accident,
It is the very place God meant for thee;
And should'st thou there small room for action see,
Do not for this give room to discontent, &c.
Sonnet by Archbishop Trench.
JAS. CURTIS, F.S.A.

No name of writer appears to this interesting and important record of the Duttons of Dutton. In the place on the title-page ordinarily assigned such name is found an Acclamation," "God bless the King and the heir of Dutton," which anciently concluded the service in St. John the Baptist's, Chester, at the annual licensing of the Cheshire minstrels by the lord of Dutton. This matter of the licensing of the minstrels-one of the most interesting things in connexion with the Dutton pedigree-had not long to wait after the establishment of N. & Q' before becoming a subject of inquiry (see 1st S. ii. 21, 77: x. 244). References to which supplies a Dutton pedigree from the trustthe subject are found in Ormerod's Cheshire,' worthy hands of Sir Peter Leycester, and also in Lysons's 'Cheshire'; while Blount's Tenures of Lands and Customs of Manors' (ed. Hazlitt, pp. 68-70) gives a full account of this presumably players of Cheshire, with other disorderly characters unique distinction of licensing the minstrels and whose condition since the days of Ford and Heywood is generally indicated by the employment of a euphemism. Its origin, briefly indicated, is as follows. Randle, third Earl of Chester, being distressed by the Welsh, sent to the Constable of Chester, Roger Lacy (known for his fierce spirit as "Hell"), for immediate assistance. Gathering from the fair at Chester a nondescript rabble of fiddlers, players, and others of both sexes, Roger marched to the earl. The Welsh, seeing the approach of what seemed a multitude, raised the siege and dispersed.

·

In his gratitude for this relief, the earl gave Roger the control of the fiddlers and rabble generally of Chester-a not too desirable privilege, which Roger transferred to Hugh de Dutton and his heirs. This custom became one of licensing the musicians of the county. We cannot go further into the subject, but will only say that the last court was held so late as 1756, and that the right is supposed to be vested in the heir-general of the Duttons, though Thomas Dutton, the last of the male-line owners of Dutton, under Puritan influence refused a licence for "piping and dancing" on Sundays. It is a curious fact that the Duttons in the time of Eliza beth had a special exemption from the penalties, including whipping, pronounced against their clients as "rogues and vagabonds." Had Scott known of the bestowal of this privilege, he would probably have used it in The Betrothed,' the period of which it might be made to fit. At the time of the Domesday Survey a follower of the Conqueror, from whom a direct descent can be traced, was established at Dutton, then Duntune, in Cheshire. The family is described by Leycester as "of great worth and antiquity." Sir Thomas de Dutton, the first knight of the family, was Sheriff of Cheshire in 1268. In the fourteenth century the family branched to Hatton, near Chester, a property then considerable, which had been acquired by marriage. Apropos of this the writer says that "Sir Christopher Hatton, Queen Elizabeth's dancing Lord Chancellor, 'claimed kindred there and had his claims allowed."" Others of the Duttons had previously fought in the Crusades, with Hotspur, at Agincourt, or on one or other side in the Wars of the Roses. Sherborne, whence comes the title of Lord Sherborne-the book is dedicated to Lady Sherborne-was purchased in 1551 by Thomas Dutton. Branches of the family settled in Yorkshire, Staffordshire, and Denbighshire, and individuals of the name are heard of in various posts of danger or authority. Sir Piers Dutton assisted zealously in the suppression of the monasteries under Henry VIII. In Little Gaddesden Church, Herts, is a striking monument, erected by Lord Chancellor Ellesmere, her grandfather, to Elizabeth Dutton, who died wife, a widow, and a maid in the year 1611, aged sixteen." She was formally betrothed to John Dutton when eleven years old. Her husband is supposed to have been accidentally killed on the day fixed for the consummation of the wedding. Thomas Dutton, the last of the direct male line, and twentieth in descent from Odard, the founder of the family, died on 28 December, 1614, his son John having predeceased him in 1609. High interest attends the bloodthirsty duel fought on Calais sands in December, 1610, between Sir Thomas Dutton and Sir Hatton Cheke (grandson of the famous Sir John Cheke), in which the latter combatant was slain. The fight is characteristically described by Carlyle in the fourth volume of his 'Miscellanies.' This duel was followed in 1712 by another-perhaps the most celebrated in English history-between the first Lord Dutton, better known as the Duke of Hamilton, and Lord Mohun, in which both combatants met their death. Among those who have dealt with this fight are Swift and Thackeray. Sir Ralph Dutton, of Standish, raised a regiment for King Charles eight hundred strong, which with flying colours joined the royal standard at Nottingham, being the second regiment raised.

a

We cannot follow the further fortunes of this noble family, of which Lord Sherborne, a welcome

contributor to our columns, is a present representative. Lord Sherborne has, indeed, printed for private circulation the records of the Sherborne branch, a work which we have not seen, and one, as we have proved, difficult of access. The author of the present volume writes like a scholar and a gentleman, and supplies, in addition to a spirited chronicle, notes of historical and literary value. His book is enriched with an excellent index, useful appendices, pedigrees, facsimiles, and illustrations, including portraits, admirably reproduced, of Lord Chancellor Ellesmere, the fourth Duke of Hamilton, and Lord Mohun. The frontispiece presents what remains of Dutton Hall, in Cheshire, erected in 1539-42 by Sir Piers Dutton and Dame Julian (sic) his wife. Other views of the Hall, of achievements of Dutton arms, &c., also appear. Many letters and documents previously unprinted are given, and the work is a model of what a family history ought to be. It is admirably printed, and is bound in creamcoloured canvas with a coat of arms of the Duttons in gold and colours upon the side, and is in all respects de luxe.

Le

JANE AUSTEN has become a constant figure in current literature, and each successive month brings with it some new criticism or tribute. In the Fortnightly Mr. Rowland Grey writes on the bores in her novels. These are numerous, and may well indeed be so when "courteous, gentlemanly Mr. Woodhouse" is numbered among such. Mr. Grey does not, however, confine himself to bores, but has something to say on other types in Miss Austen's well-filled galleries. Under the title 'A Sportsman on Cruelty to Animals' Mr. Aflalo defends himself from the attacks of the "humanitarians." It is not necessary, however, to be one of those who forbid the slaughter of animals for food in order to condemn their destruction for sport. Lady Jeune writes amusingly on 'Bridge.' Mr. W. S. Lilly devotes much space to Fantôme' of M. Paul Bourget, whom he regards as “the greatest novelist that France has produced since the days of Balzac." The subject of the book on which Mr. Lilly comments is dreadfully unpleasant, but so, for the matter of that, are the subjects of many of the fictions of Balzac. While overpraising, as we fancy, for we have not read the book, the merits of a story "worthy of the pens of the old tragedians of Hellas," Mr. Lilly takes the opportunity to express his own views as to the value of religious sanctions in the enforcement of the moral law. Mr. William Laird Clowes advocates 'The Cheapening of Useful Books.' He comments, as well he may, upon the manner in which people of all classes have been coaxed into buying by instalments an imperfect and partially antiquated book," and he holds that "we are not yet a great reading nation, but we are on the point of becoming one.* Mr. Stephen Gwynn dwells on 'Some Recent Books,' among which is M. Maeterlinck's 'Life of the Bee.'-Mr. Karl Blind supplies to the Nineteenth Century some facts not generally known concerning the origin of the 'Marseillaise." If we may accept the statements now made, Rouget de l'Isle has enjoyed honours to which he was not entitled. The Marseillaise' was, we are told, made in Germany, being part of a mass composed in 1776 by Holtzmann, the Kapellmeister of the Elector of the Palatinate. Rouget de l'Isle, we are further told, narrowly escaped the guillotine, was saved by the overthrow of Robespierre, and lived until 1836.

Louis Philippe offered him a pension, which was declined. Mr. John Fyvie gives an account of 'The Marriage of Mrs. Fitzherbert and George the Fourth,' and calls for the publication of papers on the subject which are supposed still to exist. Lord Albemarle records that the king was buried with a portrait round his neck of the woman he had so long abandoned. The story is more interesting as well as more edifying than are most of the narratives of royal conquest. Mr. Herbert Paul's recollections of the late Bishop of London are entertaining. They contain, however, one naïve and rather embarrassing statement. "No bishop on the bench," says Mr. Paul, was fonder of French novels." Are we then to accept, what seems implied, that French novels constitute an agreeable or ordinary pabulum of bishops? There are many good articles in the number, but most of them are political or otherwise controversial. The Pall Mall has as frontispiece a reproduction of Mr. Sargent's picture of the Misses Wertheimer which arrests attention in the year's Academy. The opening article consists of an account of Glasgow "the Second City," with numerous illustrations. Glasgow has, says the writer, "the attributes of a great American city." This remark was made to us nearly half a century ago by an American who accompanied us there and preferred it to London. 'A Woman's Shopping' throws a light not wholly captivating or satisfactory upon some of "pretty Fanny's ways." A good account is given of James Stephens, the Fenian head-centre, who, it appears, barely escaped being shot by his own followers as a rogue, an impostor, and a traitor." An excellent account of Stowe, once the seat of the Dukes of Buckingham, follows with many illustrations. Mr. Archer's Real Conversations are diminishing in interest. In the latest with Mr. George Moore Mr. Archer seems unable to keep his tongue out of his cheek. Like a song in Twelfth Night' the conversation "is silly sooth." A readable paper is supplied on 'Opera in Germany and in England.' In the Cornhill the article of most interest is the 'Notes of an Octogenarian,' by Miss Louisa Courtenay. They deal with many people in whom the world still maintains a lively interest Lady Morgan, Madame d'Arblay, the Miss Berrys, Rogers, Sydney Smith, the Duke of Wellington, &c. Prof. Beeching is, we are positively told, though we doubted it not before, the author of Provincial Letters,' the latest of which deals with Lincoln. He is a writer it is always pleasant to meet, though we shall always see either obtuseness or want of invention in taking and maintain ing a title such as Urbanus Sylvan. What is said about Hugh of Lincoln (the little Christian we mean) still 'gives" us "pause." Mr. Fitchett's Tale of the Great Mutiny' remains as stirring as ever. Its pictures are particularly lifelike. Mr. Ernest Myers writes on Alfred of England.' A Londoner's Log-book' is agreeably continued. -A Surrey Pepys" in the Gentleman's is a certain Thomas Turner, a diarist who, more than a hundred years later than Pepys, left a candid avowal of his misdeeds. Mr. Philip Kent, who writes on 'Some Vulgar Errors,' falls himself into one or two very uncommon errors, as when he substitutes floating "on her watery hearse" for Milton's "float upon her watery bier." It may be doubted whether many of the errors to which this later Sir Thomas Browne refers are still maintained. Does anybody now think that the young bear has to be licked

into shape by its mother? Miss Georgiana Hill gives another of her historical studies. Mr. Almy depicts The Coleridge Country.'-Mr. Lang is still at his best in Longman's, and in his At the Sign of the Ship' has a lively disputation with Prof. Beeching. What Mr. Lang has to say on the substitution of philology for literature is painfully true, and has an application wider than he cares to make. On crystal-gazing and other subjects he is no less excellent. The Disappearance of Plants' opens out a sad question. The woman who goes with a trowel and a basket to spots of natural beauty in order to uproot rare ferns and flowers is almost as much of a pirate as the ordinary naturalist who, in order to classify or possess specimens of birds and butterflies, compasses their extinction; and this brings us to bewail the appearance in Longman's of an article such as 'The Amateur Poacher.' Mr. Walter Pollock's ghost story is very striking.-In addition to many lighter articles the Idler has 'Walks and Talks with Tolstoy,' which are very interesting, a good description of Beauty Spots in the Tyrol,' and an account of Great Achievements in Bridge Building.' - Scribner's, which arrives too late for full notice, has a readable Tour in Sicily,' 'Passages from a Diary in the Pacific,' 'The Delta Country of Alaska' (all admirably illustrated), and an account of Matthew Arnold.

THE cheap summer guides are beginning to come in. One of the first in the field is Mr. Percy Lindley's 'Holidays in Eastern Counties,' which is agreeably written and illustrated, and leads the traveller to many unfamiliar spots. - Milgate's interesting guide to Reculver, giving much useful information at a very cheap price, reaches us from Herne Bay.

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