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There is there a wood called le Hoo, which contains ten acres, The woods and the underbrush from it is worth yearly, without waste, 5 s.; and the grass from it is worth yearly 5 s.; and the feeding of swine there is worth yearly 12 d. And there is there a certain other wood called Chalvecroft, which contains, with the ditches, five acres. And the herbage there is worth yearly 2 s. 6 d. ; and the underbrush there is worth 3 s.; and the feeding of swine there is worth yearly 6d. Total value, 17s.

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There are there, of arable land in demesne, in different The home fields, 300 acres of land, by the smaller hundred. And it is worth yearly, on lease, £15, at the price of 12 d. per acre. Total acreage, 300. Total value, £15.

And it is to be known that the perch of land in that manor contains 16 feet, in measuring land. And each acre can be sown suitably with 2 bushels of wheat, with 2 bushels of rye, with 2 bushels of peas, with 3 bushels of oats, and this sown broadcast, and with 4 bushels of barley, even measure. And each plow should be joined with 4 oxen and 4 draught horses. And a plow is commonly able to plow an acre of land a day, and sometimes more.

There are likewise of mowing meadow in various places 29 The meadow acres and I rood. This is worth yearly £7 6s. 3 d., at 5 s. an acre. Total acreage, 29 A., 1 R. Total of pence, £7 6s. 3 d.

There are likewise of inclosed pasture 28 acres, and this is worth yearly 42 s. at 18 d. per acre. Of this sixteen acres are assigned to the dairy for the cows, and twelve for the oxen and young bullocks. Total, 42 s.

It is to be known that the lord may have in the common The common pasture of Borley, along with the use of the fresh meadows and pasture of the demesnes of the lord, in the open time, 100 sheep, by the greater hundred. And their pasture, per head, is worth 2 d. yearly, and not more, on account of the allowance of food to the shepherd. Total, 20s.

There is there likewise a certain court of free tenants of The court the lord and of the customary tenants, meeting every three baron and weeks. And the fines and perquisites thence, along with the view of frank pledge, are worth 20s. a year.

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There are, moreover, of the services of the aforesaid customary tenants 22 tasks, of which each task requires plowing upon the land of the lord at different seasons. And a task at the convenience of the lord at all plantings is worth 10d. Total, 19s. 8d.

There are, moreover, of the autumn works of the aforesaid customary tenants from the first of August to the feast of St. Michael, 424 days' work, the price of each day's work being 2 d. Total, 41s. 2 d.

The sum of the total value, according to the extent, is £43 19s. 3 d.

Likewise from Reginald Crummelond 10s. yearly, discovered after the extent was made up, as above. From which should be subtracted 7 d. rent owed to Lady Felicia, of Sender, yearly for a certain meadow called Baselymede, near Radbridge. There remains £43 18s. 54 d., plus 10s. as above.

And it is to be known that the lord prior of Christ Church of Canterbury has his liberty in the vill of Borley; and he has jurisdiction over thieves caught on the manor and tenants of the manor taken outside with stolen goods in their hands or on their backs. And the judicial gallows of this franchise stand and ought to stand at Radbridge. And now let us inquire concerning the pillory and tumbrel. It is reported by the jury that it ought to stand beyond the outer gates toward the west, next to the pigstye of the lord.

And it is to be remembered that as often as it is necessary for the reeve and four men to be present before the justices in eyre or anywhere else, that is to say, at the jail delivery of our lord, the king, or wheresoever it may be, the lord ought to find two men at his expense before the same justices; and the villagers of Borley will find three men at their expense; and this according to custom from a time to which, as it is said, memory does not extend.

And it is to be known that when any customary tenant of the land in that manor dies, the lord will have as a heriot the best beast of that tenant found at the time of his death. And if he did not have a beast, he shall give to the lord for a heriot 2s. 6d. And the heir shall make a fine to the lord for the

tenement which was his father's, if it shall seem to be expedient to him, but, if not, he shall have nothing. Nevertheless, to the wife of the deceased tenant shall be saved the whole of the tenement which was her husband's on the day he died, to be held of the lord as her free bench till the end of her life, if she shall remain without a husband, and on performing the services due and customary thence to the lord. If, however, through the license of the lord, she shall have married, the heirs of the aforesaid deceased shall enter upon the aforesaid tenement by the license of the lord, and shall give one half of the said tenement to the widow of the said deceased as dowry. The burdensome services of an ordinary villein tenant or small farmer are shown in the following statement of the duties of a typical man of this class on a manor in Sussex.

John of Cayworth holds a house and thirty acres of land, 124. Services and owes yearly 2 s. at Easter and Michaelmas; and he owes a cock and two hens at Christmas, of the value of 4 d.

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And he ought to harrow for two days at the Lenten sowing with one man and his own horse and his own harrow, the value sex (1307) of the work being 4 d.; and he is to receive from the lord on each day three meals, of the value of 5 d., and then the lord will be at a loss of 1 d. Thus his harrowing is of no value to the service of the lord.

And he ought to carry the manure of the lord for two days with one cart, with his own two oxen, the value of the work being 8d.; and he is to receive from the lord each day three meals of the price as above. And thus the service is worth 3 d. clear.

And he shall find one man for two days for mowing the meadow of the lord, who can mow, by estimation, one acre and a half, the value of the mowing of an acre being 6 d.; the sum is therefore 9 d., and he is to receive each day three meals of the value given above; and thus that mowing is worth 4 d. clear. And he ought to gather and carry that same hay which he has cut, the price of the work being 3 d.

And he shall have from the lord two meals for one man, of the value of 1d. Thus the work will be worth 1d, clear.

Customs of the manor

And he ought to carry the hay of the lord for one day with a cart and three animals of his own, the price of the work being 6d. And he shall have from the lord three meals of the value of 2d. And thus the work is worth 3 d. clear.

And he ought to carry in autumn beans or oats for two days with a cart and three animals of his own, the value of a work being 12 d. And he shall receive from the lord each day three meals of the value given above; and thus the work is worth 7 d. clear.

And he ought to carry wood from the woods of the lord as far as the manor house for two days in summer with a cart and three animals of his own, the value of the work being 9 d. And he shall receive from the lord each day three meals of the price given above, and thus the work is worth 4 d. clear.

And he ought to find one man for two days to cut heath, the value of the work being 4 d., and he shall have three meals each day of the value given above; and thus the lord will lose, if he receives the service, 3 d. Thus that mowing is worth nothing to the service of the lord.

And he ought to carry the heath which he has cut, the value of the day's work being 5 d. And he shall receive from the lord three meals at the price of 2d. And thus the work will be worth 2 d. clear.

And he ought to carry to Battle twice in the summer season, each time half a load of grain, the value of the service being 4 d. And he shall receive in the manor each time one meal of the value of 2 d. And thus the work is worth 2 d. clear.

The total of the rents, with the value of the hens, is 2 s. 4 d. The total of the value of the works is 2 s. 3d.; owed from the said John yearly.

William of Cayworth holds a house and 30 acres of land and owes at Easter and Michaelmas 2 s. rent. And he shall do all customs just as the aforesaid John of Cayworth. . .

And it is to be noted that none of the above-named villeins can give their daughters in marriage nor cause their sons to be tonsured, nor can they cut down timber growing on the lands they hold, without license of the bailiff or sergeant of the lord, and then for building purposes and not otherwise. And after

the death of any one of the aforesaid villeins the lord shall have as a heriot his best animal, if he had any; if, however, he have no living beast, they say that the lord shall have no heriot. The sons or daughters of the aforesaid villeins shall give for entrance into the holding after the death of their predecessors as much as they give of rent per year.

V. CONFLICTS BETWEEN HENRY III AND THE BARONS

The following writ or order from the king is an example of the form of summons which was regularly sent out at this time to all the nobles and great churchmen, ordering them to attend a Great Council.

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The king to his beloved and faithful relative, Edmund, earl 125. Sumof Cornwall, greeting. Because we wish to have a consultation mons of a and meeting with you and with the rest of the principal men Great of our kingdom, as to provision for remedies against the dan- Council gers which in these days are threatening our whole kingdom; we command you, strictly enjoining you in the fidelity and love in which you are bound to us, that on the Lord's day next after the feast of St. Martin, in the approaching winter, you be present in person at Westminster, for considering, ordaining, and doing, along with us and with the prelates and the rest of the principal men and other inhabitants of our kingdom, as may be necessary for meeting dangers of this kind.

Witness the king at Canterbury, the first of October.

Matthew Paris, the St. Albans chronicler, gives the following outspoken account of one of the turbulent meetings of the Great Council in the time of Henry III. Such occurrences, with their unseemly quarrels, explain the final outbreak of civil war, at the same time that they show the gradual growth of the claims of the Great Councils, which developed into parliament.

On the day of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin the nobility of all England, the prelates as well as the earls and

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