THE UNITY OF LAW; AS EXHIBITED IN THE RELATIONS OF PHYSICAL, SOCIAL, MENTAL, BY H. C. CAREY. "Variety in unity is perfection." Old Proverb. PHILADELPHIA: HENRY CAREY BAIRD, INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHER, 406 WALNUT STREET. Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by H. C. CAREY, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. IS DEDICATED IN TOKEN OF ITS AUTHOR'S HIGH RESPECT. Professor Dühring's field of action is that of the University of Berlin. Of his many works none have yet been reproduced in the English language, and therefore does the author deem it well to call to the attention of the reader the two most recent, as follows: First of these is, “A Critical History of Political Economy and Social Science" (Berlin, 1871); a work remarkable for its critical acumen, and as furnishing a more thorough exhibit of the course of sociological science, from its earliest days, than any that, until now, has been given to the world. It is much to be desired that it should be here translated. Second. "A Critical History of the General Principles of Mechanical Science from the days of Galileo to the present time." This work, not yet published, was prepared in response to a public invitation from the University of Göttingen, and was honored, March, 1872, by an award of the highest prize that had been offered; that award, too, accompanied by a report, in which the faculty of that renowned institution state, that "not only are the essential points discussed in a manner evincing a thorough mastery of the subject, and an extraordinary amount of accurate literary knowledge," but that thereto had been added sundry dissertations on others less important; the whole bearing witness to the "great love and care" given to the work. In conclusion, they congratulate themselves on having called into existence "a beautiful performance;" one far surpassing any anticipation they could have formed when adopting the measures that had led to its production. It is rare to find such varied knowledge combined with such extraordinary industry as has been exhibited by Professor Dühring throughout the last decade. PREFACE. DESIRING FULLY to understand and properly to appreciate the men around us, we study their antecedents, thereby in some measure qualifying ourselves for predicting their probable future. So, too, is it with nations. That we may understand the direction in which they are moving, whether toward civilization, wealth, and power, or toward barbarism, poverty, and weakness, it is needed that we compare their present with their past, and satisfy ourselves as to whether their course of action has tended in the direction of developing the qualities which constitute the real MAN, the being made in the image of his Creator, fitted for becoming master of nature and an example worthy to be followed by those around him; or those alone which he holds in common with the beasts of the field, and which fit him for place among men whose rule of conduct exhibits itself in the robber chieftain's motto, "that they may take who have the power, and those may keep who can." That it is proposed now to do; but preparatory thereto, the author asks the reader's attention to a brief exhibit of the very gradual steps by which, and almost insensibly, he has been led to arrive at the idea of an UNITY OF LAW, necessary complement as it is of that great idea so recently developed, but already so universally accepted, that of UNITY OF FORCE. So far as regards Societary Science - the link connecting physical with mental science-the first step ever made in that direction consisted in furnishing a theory of |