(Witnesses: Galloway, Zappone.) lump sum for salaries; it will go farther. If there is any desire on the part of this committee to correct the matter of statutory salaries in the Department of Agriculture it will mean that the amount involved it about $982,000. Mr. SAMUEL. Your idea is that all salaries in the Department of Agriculture ought to be put under the lump fund? Doctor GALLOWAY. That is the idea, in my judgment. The CHAIRMAN. Have you separated here in this list of expenditures the work done in Washington and the work done outside? Mr. ZAPPONE. As regards what, sir-miscellaneous expenses? The CHAIRMAN. As regards salaries. Mr. ZAPPONE. Yes, sir. The CHAIRMAN. Where is that? Mr. ZAPPONE. To what particular appropriation did you wish to refer? The CHAIRMAN. This one right here-plant industry. Mr. ZAPPONE. Take the vegetable and pathological appropriation, Doctor Galloway; that would be a good one, would it not? The CHAIRMAN. No; I want first to take the whole appropriation; the whole expenditures by Doctor Galloway. Mr. ZAPPONE. Turn to page 148. You will find, under the summary, that the total amount paid for lump-fund salaries in the Bureau of Plant Industry in Washington is $172,000, in round numbers. The total amount paid by that Bureau for lump-sum salaries outside of Washington is $168,000 in round numbers. The CHAIRMAN. Yes. Now, for statutory salaries you spent $154,000? Mr. ZAPPONE. Yes, sir. The CHAIRMAN. Where are those employees located? Doctor GALLOWAY. They are located both in and outside of Washington; mainly inside. The CHAIRMAN. Mainly inside? Doctor GALLOWAY. Yes, sir. The CHAIRMAN. And then miscellaneous supplies, etc., an item of $556,000. Where is that mainly expended-in Washington? Doctor GALLOWAY. That is expended both in and out of Washington, but mainly in Washington. The CHAIRMAN. Do you have any experimental departmental work going on outside of Washington? Doctor GALLOWAY. Yes. The CHAIRMAN. Under what circumstances, and to what extent? Doctor GALLOWAY. We have work in one or two places in California; we have work in Florida, and considerable work in cooperation with the experiment stations, for which we contribute certain funds. The work in California is in connection with our introduction and dissemination of useful plants. We are using the California garden at Chico as a propagating and receiving ground for the introductions that we get, mostly from the Orient, and after they are propagated and grown for a number of years they are distributed from that point. At Miami, Fla., we have also a garden, which has for its object the growing and dissemination of semitropical products-products useful for the southern portions of the United States and where we study diseases of the crops of the southern por (Witness: Galloway.) tion of the United States. At St. Louis we have what we call a Mississippi Valley laboratory, where we are carrying on investigations in timber diseases, such as the rots which cause the destruction of building material, railroad ties, telegraph poles, and so on, and the methods of treatment. Those are the three outlying stations where we are doing most of our work, and, in addition, we have cooperative work going on, to a minor extent, with practically all of the 45 or 50 experiment stations. The CHAIRMAN. Is your principal laboratory and investigating work going on here in Washington? Doctor GALLOWAY. Yes, sir. The CHAIRMAN. So far as your experimental work connected with plants, trees, shrubs, etc., is concerned, it necessarily has to be conducted outside, I suppose? Doctor GALLOWAY. In the field; yes. The CHAIRMAN. In the field? Doctor GALLOWAY. Yes. Take, for example, our breeding workthe work of developing new crops by breeding. That is all done in the field-the corn in the corn region, the cotton in the cotton region, and so on. The CHAIRMAN. How long has the Department been engaged in the development of breeding of plants? Doctor GALLOWAY. About twelve years. The CHAIRMAN. Is this the same line of development that Burbank is engaged in? Doctor GALLOWAY. The same line, but not the same work. Burbank is developing his work along certain lines. We are applying the best scientific knowledge and methods to our work, and have originated and disseminated some very important and valuable things. The CHAIRMAN. Of what kind? Doctor GALLOWAY. Take, for instance, the new hardy oranges which we are sending out, developed since the big freeze of 1898; new cottons which are being distributed all over the South; new varieties of corn and wheat, and various other cereals. A special feature of our work for the last two years has been in developing types of cotton, by breeding and selection, which can be grown in the regions that the boll weevil has invaded, and which will mature so early that the boll weevil can not destroy the entire crop. The CHAIRMAN. By the way, what about the boll weevil? What has been done in connection with that individual? Doctor GALLOWAY. The boll-weevil work, so far as it appertains to the Bureau of Plant Industry, has been divided into three or four separate groups. We are breeding early cotton, cotton that will mature early enough to develop a crop despite the weevil. We are carrying on extensive propaganda work directly with farmers. That I consider one of the most valuable features of our work. That work is carried on right in the boll-weevil section and, briefly, consists of getting an individual farmer to take a portion of his land and devote it to methods we outline and suggest to him, and to do it in such a way that he can compare the results obtained by the methods that are suggested to him with his own methods. We are now in direct contact and cooperation with about 100,000 farmers working in that way. (Witness: Galloway.) The CHAIRMAN. And for what purpose? Doctor GALLOWAY. Mainly to show the farmer that he can grow cotton despite the weevil. The CHAIRMAN. That will be immune from the weevil? Doctor GALLOWAY. No, sir: not necessarily immune, because we have not yet found an immune cotton; but that there are cultural methods and cultural conditions and kinds of varieties and methods of handling his crop that will practically make the farmer immune to the losses caused by the weevil. The CHAIRMAN. Yes. Does the method of cultivation you have developed absolutely eliminate danger from the weevil? Doctor GALLOWAY. No, sir. The CHAIRMAN. Or practically so? Doctor GALLOWAY. It simply makes it impracticable for the weevil to do any serious harm; but the weevil is there, just as abundant as ever. The CHAIRMAN. Yes; but the method that you have adopted is such as in a large degree eliminates the weevil as a serious factor? Doctor GALLOWAY. Yes, sir. The CHAIRMAN. How long have you been engaged in that investigation? Doctor GALLOWAY. This is the fourth year that we have been engaged in it. The CHAIRMAN. What does it cost? Doctor GALLOWAY. We expend $105,000 on that work each yearnot on this particular work, but on the whole work under the three or four headings that we carry on; that is, the breeding the demonstration work as we call it, the cooperation with experiment stations and farmers' institutes in general propaganda work, and improved systems of farm management, which is another feature of the work. In addition to the growing of cotton we are trying to teach the farmers to diversify as well as grow cotton. That is one of the features of the work. The CHAIRMAN. Just take this report of expenditures and take, for instance, this year, when you have expended $105,000. I want to use this for illustration. Take that and give me the various sums, the various aggregates for instance, a certain sum for salaries, and so on; the various elements of expenditure that enter into the aggregate of $105,000. Doctor GALLOWAY. Yes, sir. I may say, Mr. Chairman, that we have our work so planned and so organized that each group represents a project or problem: and then we group those projects or problems under different heads and divide up the expenditure in detail under each respective group. The CHAIRMAN. Yes. Doctor GALLOWAY. I have here a table which shows the whole expenditure of the Bureau under the main heads, and then refers to the details under each one of these separate heads. Now, under "boll weevil" I will see what we have expended. The Bureau work on the boll weevil was divided into four groups— diversification of crops, improved cultural conditions, breeding new cottons, and studies of the diseases of cotton-aggregating $105,000. We spent for the diversification of crops the sum of $20,691.67. (Witnesses: Galloway, Zappone.) The CHAIRMAN. That last item is in the diversification of crops, you say? Doctor GALLOWAY. Yes, sir. The CHAIRMAN. How was that sum expended? Doctor GALLOWAY. That was expended as follows: For salaries, $11,070; for traveling expenses expenses, $6,560, and for miscellaneous expenses, including general supplies, $3,061.67; making a total of $20,691.67. The CHAIRMAN. And that work was done by men mainly in the field, I suppose? Doctor GALLOWAY. Men mainly in the field; yes, sir. The CHAIRMAN. But not wholly in the field. Doctor GALLOWAY. Not wholly in the field, because in the case of farm management investigations our headquarters are here in Washington. The CHAIRMAN. And you charge off a certain proportion of the expense of that branch of the work here to that particular project? Doctor GALLOWAY. Yes, sir. The CHAIRMAN. And that is included in the term "salaries?" Doctor GALLOWAY. In the next element we have a test farm at San Antonio, Tex., here we are carrying on investigations; and that comes under the second general head. At that farm we are expending $4,500. The CHAIRMAN. Where does that appear in your list of expenditures? Mr. ZAPPONE. Doctor Galloway, are you reading from the year 1907 or 1906? We are dealing with 1906, and I think you are dealing with 1907. Doctor GALLOWAY. Oh, yes! I beg pardon. Mr. ZAPPONE. I wish you would go back to 1906, Doctor Galloway, if you please. The amount set aside for your Bureau for this work is practically the same, $105,000 in round numbers, and your projects under that are enumerated. Doctor GALLOWAY. Yes. Mr. ZAPPONE. And that is what Mr. Littlefield is following. The CHAIRMAN. Let me just inquire whether this sum that we have here in our list of expenditures covers the boll-weevil proposition. First, breeding and selection, $24,469.37? Mr. ZAPPONE. That is not the first item. There is one above that designated "cooperative demonstration farm work.” The CHAIRMAN. On the top of page 164? Doctor GALLOWAY. Yes, sir; that is the farmers' cooperative demonstration work. That is $40.000. The CHAIRMAN. The amount expended is $37,677.80? Doctor GALLOWAY. Yes, sir. The CHAIRMAN. And the next item is breeding and selection, under which the amount expended is $24,469.37? Doctor GALLOWAY. Yes, sir. The CHAIRMAN. The next is cotton diseases? Doctor GALLOWAY. Cotton diseases, principally wilt. That is a 23848-07-17 (Witnesses: Galloway, Zappone.) disease that occurs in the same region where the weevil occurs, and we are studying that in connection with the weevil work. The CHAIRMAN. So that that involves both of those things under that head, does it? Doctor GALLOWAY. Yes. The CHAIRMAN. The weevil and wilt? Doctor GALLOWAY. This particular sum of $3,589.51 was expended entirely for the cotton wilt. The CHAIRMAN. Then it does not come in the boll-weevil proposition? Doctor GALLOWAY. But it is a part of that appropriation, because we were authorized to study not only the weevil, but cotton diseases as well. The CHAIRMAN. In the same appropriation? Doctor GALLOWAY. In the same appropriation; yes, sir. The CHAIRMAN. So that while that is not cotton boll-weevil work per se, it is included in the same appropriation to authorize the investigation of the cotton boll weevil? Doctor GALLOWAY. Yes, sir. The CHAIRMAN. Then " cotton diseases, root rot thing, I suppose? - that is the same Doctor GALLOWAY. That is the same thing; yes, sir. The CHAIRMAN. That is $5,000. Then "cotton boll weevil investigations, introduction of new crops, and diversification of crops" that is the same thing? Doctor GALLOWAY. That is the same thing. The CHAIRMAN. "Diversification farms "that is also the boll weevil, is it? Doctor GALLOWAY. That is also the boll weevil. The CHAIRMAN. Then everything on page 166 is boll weevil also? Mr. GALLOWAY. Yes, sir. The CHAIRMAN. Have you footed those up to see what they would amount to? Mr. ZAPPONE. They will not necessarily total $105,000. These items are merely the principal projects. The total does not agree with the total appropriation in every case. The CHAIRMAN. Well, let us figure this one up and see. Mr. ZAPPONE. It may in some cases; but I told the various bureaus that your idea was to get the principal projects; something that you could take up and discuss. The CHAIRMAN. Yes; that is right. I just want to see how much these come to, if you will figure that up. Mr. ZAPPONE. Yes, sir. [Making calculation.] The CHAIRMAN. Were the expenditures that we find set out on pages 164 to 166, inclusive, as being approximately the aggregate of expenditures in connection with the boll-weevil proposition all made under and charged to your appropriation of $105,000 for the boll weevil? Doctor GALLOWAY. Yes, sir. The CHAIRMAN. I got the impression that some of these items were portions of the expenditures of a whole bureau and were not in the first instance charged, per se, to this appropriation, but were esti |