seem to militate against this supposition, perhaps it is safer to assume that the writer has used must in order to avoid the repetition of was obliged.

To conclude this part of the inquiry, I hold that in the passage which Mr. Malmstedt cites from Jeaffreson and Boensel, English Dialogues (Studies, p. VIII): "How will you ever persuade him (the average Briton) to try and bring back the natural state of things in which men and women must work for their own living, and if they chose to bring children into. the world, must support them themselves", must') is unidiomatically used for had to; and that this is also the case in Mr. Malmstedt's quotation from Milman's History of Latin Christianity: "It is singular to see every kingdom in Latin Christendom, every order in the social state, furnishing the great men ... Italy sent Thomas of Aquino and Bonaventura; Germany, Albert the Great; the British Isles... Duns Scotus and William of Ockham; France alone must content herself with names somewhat inferior".

But in the sentence which Gebert quotes from Morley, Engl. Literature, 125: "He was moneyless, dependent on his uncles and must earn", must is correct, if we suppose the author to have wished to express the uncles' view of what the young man in question had to do under the circumstances. For the writer's own view on the matter, the correct expression would have been "had to earn".

II.

Must as a present tense.

The Old English ic mōt, past tense mōste, means: 1) I am allowed; 2) I am able; 3) I shall perhaps; 4) it expresses the Subjunctive and Optative; 5) it is my duty to; 6) I cannot but. Of these six senses the first, second, third and fourth are in M. E. more frequent than the fifth and sixth, but are quite obsolete in Mod. Engl., which has preserved senses 5 and 6, and has added to these, various shades of the general notion of necessity, all of them expressed by the original past tense must, as explained above.

1) Pace Dr. Klapperich (Beiblatt Anglia, Juli-August, 1898, p. 84), I hold that this must is zweifellos" in the past tense.

*

As an archaism the present tense mote is still found in Spenser's Faerie Queene. In Bk. I, Canto III 29: "that mote ye please well to accept", mote means "may", and expresses the optative; it also represents the modern may in Bk. I, C. IX 27: “(He) was both bold and free, But not so happy as mote happy bee". In the following passage Spenser's moten seems to mean might, being thus used as a past tense: Bk. III, C. VI 31: “And double gates it had which opened wide, By which both in and out men moten pass"; cf. Bk. IV, C. VII 42: "His owne deare Lord Prince Arthure came that way, Seeking adventures where he mote heare tell".

I am told that English Freemasons still use the formula "So mote it be!" for "so be it!", and Byron, in Childe Harold, in evident imitation of Spenser's diction, has mote to represent must and might; e. g. Canto II: "Nor mote my shell awake the weary Nine To grace so plain a tale this lowly lay of mine"; ibid. 8: "Nor sought he friend to counsel or condole, Whate'er this grief mote be, which he could not control".

As we have seen, one of the old senses of mōt was to be allowed, a sense which is still found in M. E. Here is a good instance of most "was allowed" from Piers the Plowman, A, XII 38-39 (ed. Skeat): "Than held I vp myn handes to Scripture the wise, To be hure man, zif I most for eueremore after"; cf. Rob. of Glouc. (apud Koch), 3433: "The kyng wolde azen him wende, ac he ne no moste for is conseil”. This sense survives in the modern must not "am (is, are) not allowed, e. g. you must not smoke here. Compare Punch, Oct. 20, 1894, 181a: "Rabelais may steal a horse, but Lawrence Sterne must not look over a hedge"; Punch, 1881 I (Vol. 80), 239: "Yes, my dears, and I hear from his friend the Doctor that he's engaged to a girl in the north, and mustn't play at lawn-tennis"; Rev. of Reviews, May 15, 1895, 401b: "Chief Justice Feller rules that incomes derived from rents or profits upon real estate must not be taxed by Congress"; Bryce, American Commonwealth I 364: “I must not venture on any general account of the interpretation of the Constitution".

In the passage last quoted the notion of "being forbidden" passes into that of prohibition by a rule of one's own imposing. This notion of self-imposed abstention from a line of action is frequently met with in cases of I must not in Mod. E. e. g.

George Eliot, Essays 174: "We must not follow him in his criticism, however; nor can we afford to do more than mention hastily his interesting sketch of the mediaeval aristocracy"; G. A. Sala in Echoes of the Week, Ill. Lond. News, March 24, 1883, 283 b: “I must not impinge on the province of the reviewers by criticising Mr. Brocklehurst's handsomely illustrated volumes"; Seeley, Expansion of England, I 51 (Tauchn.): “I must never be tired of quoting that passage of Aristotle's Politics which is so infinitely important to the student of political science".

In the following passage I must not means "it is of vital importance to me that I should not": Tennyson, Becket 35 (Tauchn.): "Save me, father, hide me. they follow me and I must not be known.

The I must not exemplified in the passages just cited, contains the subjective element, which as Mr. Bradley (Engl. Studien 26, 151) observes, "is absent from the approximate synonyms of I must: I am obliged to, I have to, or it is necessary for me to". We feel that, just as I must not means "I feel it incumbent on me to abstain from", so I must in Mod. Eng. often means "I feel it incumbent on me to . ."; e. g. in: “Well, I must tell you that your way of looking at the matter is not at all to my taste". Here "have to", or "am obliged to" could not be used instead of must, without modifying the meaning conveyed.

Nijmegen.

C. Stoffel.

MISCELLEN.

ZU DEN ÉCHECS AMOUREUX.

In meinem buche über die Échecs Amoureux (Weimar, 1898) habe ich, um für die quellenuntersuchung und die vergleichung mit der englischen übertragung die nötige grundlage zu gewinnen, eine inhaltliche analyse des noch ungedruckten werkes mit gelegentlichen textproben gegeben. Leider war es mir unmöglich, als meine im sommer 1898 erfolgte habilitation, deren termin mir erst wenige tage vorher bekannt gegeben wurde, den sofortigen druck meiner arbeit notwendig machte, eine beabsichtigte letzte kollation meiner textproben mit der in Dresden befindlichen handschrift vorzunehmen. Das resultat einer nachträglich vorgenommenen kollation lasse ich hiermit folgen, da auch die inzwischen von einzelnen rezensionen versuchten berichtigungen der textproben nicht vollständig sind.')

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1) Es liegt mir daran festzustellen, dass dieser nachtrag zu meinem buche fertiggestellt und dem herausgeber dieser zeitschrift angemeldet war, bevor die rezension in band 27, 3 (s. 437 ff.) erschienen war. Vgl. des herausgebers anmerkung auf s. 445 des betreffenden bandes. Einzelne einwürfe dieser rezension werden in meiner demnächst erscheinenden ausgabe von Reason and Sensuality ihre erledigung finden.

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