to ftabilitate the reasoning of the acute rally confidered by the Roman wriand intelligent Philodice. ters as a part of Phrygia. Your's refpectfully, FULCRUM. A SYSTEM OF COSMOLOGY; OF fpreading of mankind was undoubtedly from the east towards Európe, than that the Brygians fhould return into Afia. The Phrygians are defcribed as a fuperftitious, voluptuous, and effeminate race, without any prudence or forecast, and of fuch a fervile temper, that nothing but ftripes could make them perform their duty; from which Jofephus informs us that the Phrygians were defcended from Togarmah, one of Gomer's fons, and adds that IN- they were known to the Hebrews under the name of Tigrammanes; but Herodotus, and others, are inclined to derive them from the Brygians, a [Continued from page 511, VOL. II.] people of Macedonia, who, they Phrygia. fuppofed, paffed into Afia Minor, and WHENCE the fmall country, now by a fmall alteration changed their to be confidered, obtained the name name to Phrygians. It is, indeed, of Phrygia, is uncertain, as different very probable that thefe two nations origins have been given by refpectable were originally the fame, by a colony authors; wherefore it will be the fafeft of Phrygians feeking a fettlement in way to take the one most usually given, Europe, and that the small alteration which is, from the river Phryx, now in the name took place on their obSarabat, which divides Phrygia from taining one; which is a fuppofition Caria. The Phrygians, Trojans, Me- much more probable, as the first fians, Lydians, and Carians, have been fo blended by the poets, and alfo in the accounts of them by other authors, that it is difficult to give the exact boundaries of any of these nations. Phrygia proper was bounded on the north by Pontus and Bithynia; on the weft by Myfia, the Ægean Sea, Lydia, Mæonia, and Caria; on the fouth by Lycia, and on the eaft by Pamphylia and Galatia. All these the Latins derived two of their procountries, as was obferved, were in verbs, which are well known," Phryantient times highly celebrated for ges fero fapient," "The Phrygians their fertility, abounding in all forts are always wife too late;" and "Phryx of grain; being, for the most part, a verberatus melior," "The more you plain country, covered with a deep beat a Scythian, the better he will be." rich foil, and plentifully watered by They were the firtt inventors of divifmall rivers they were alfo well nation by the finging, Alving, and feedftocked with cattle, having large plains ing of birds. Their mufic, commonly and pasture grounds: the air was called the Phrygian mood, has been pure, and the climate wholefome; much infified on as an argument of though now, as great part of the their effeminacy. The Doric mood countries is uncultivated, it is was a kind of grave and folid mufic; thought to be in fome degree lefs fo: the Lydian, a doleful and plaintive this is the neceffary confequence of harmony; but the Phrygian, we are the defpotifm, grofs ignorance, and informed, was particularly calculated fuperftition of all thofe unhappy na- to effeminate and enervate the mind. tions who groan under the Moham- Now what could this mood be, othermedan yoke. wife than that delicate and foft comPhrygia is ufually divided into the bination of notes, connected by half greater and leffer, called alfo Troas; tones, lofing itself in a delightful mebut this divifion did not take place lody fimilar to that of the modern Itatill Troas was fubdued by the Phry- lian, fo highly expreffive of the volupgians, and therefore is more gene- tuous confusion of amorous ideas? 1 We may therefore conclude that the countries were extremely fertile, they Italian is the offspring of the Phry- were equally reforted to by merchants gian tafte, as molt probably, on the from Greece and Italy; and that migration of part of the Lydians to Apamea, now Apami, in Phrygia MaTufcany, as we have feen above, they jor, was the chief emporium of ali imported the love ftrains of their Afia Minor. neighbours, together with their own pathetic harmony. It has been fuppofed, that the Phrygian language bore a great reThe notion, however, that mufic femblance to the Greek; but the enervates a nation more than every contrary is manifeft, from the few other amusement muft neceffarily do, Phrygian words which have been colwhen it becomes the fole employ- lected by Bochart. It obtained the nient of life, feems rather popular first place in point of antiquity in the declamation than found reafoning; opinion of the learned Egyptians, for it is wrong to conclude, that from an experiment made by Plambecaufe mulic is capable of ftimu- metichus, a king of Egypt, who imalating the fofter paffions to a great de- gined that children not taught any gree, the more manly and heroic other would naturally speak the primuft of course be enfeebled or obli- mitive tongue, and that he might by terated the powers of mulic have this means afcertain what nation was ever been allowed to be very great, the oldeft, fhould they use any words and capable of effecting very oppofite of a then living language. This foolpurposes. Thus, we ice that martial ifh fuppofition, in which the king mufic, even the beat of the drum, however does not ftand fingle, gives excites the feelings of heroic ardour, us but a poor fpecimen of the proand perhaps, more powerfully even grefs Egyptian learning, fo much exthan the tender ftrains, calls into ac- tolled, had then made, fince they tion those of love; and undoubtedly were ignorant that, as the power of the effect is more general; for all articulation is natural to man, the men, even the boors, are roufed by utility of converting it to the purpofe the beat of the drum and the found of forming founds that should fand of the trumpet; but men only of for ideas would foon direct those that fome degree of refinement, at leaft, were excluded from the poffibility of are capable of understanding the lan- learning any tongue to form a language of foft mufic. Wherefore it is guage of their own; and that as all not mufic that effeminates. but lux- words, as figns of ideas, are merely ury and diffipation, the effects of more adventitious and arbitrary, without evil refinements and corrupt man- any connection by nature, none could ners. But as all refinements have be intuitive. The method the good commonly been introduced pretty nearly at the fame time, and mufic has unfortunately been too often found in company with fome of the worft of them, the has been made the fcape goat of her companions. The government of the Phrygians was monarchical, and all Phrygia was originally fubject to one prince: but fome time before the Trojan war, we find this country divided into feveral petty kingdoms under their refpective princes. Refpećting their trade, it is neceffary only to fay, that, as all thefe king took to try this experiment was, by placing two infants newly born under the care of a fhepherd, who, under the ftrictest commands, was to fuffer no perfon whoever to come near them, but to nurfe them himself, by bringing them goats to fuck, till they could take other food, and never to let them hear his voice. At the expiration of two years, the fhepherd entered their little cabin, when they ran to him, holding out their hands, and cried, beccos;' which, when he found they repeatedly did, he informed the king of it; and on enquiry 6 that word was found to fignify bread Streight of the White Sea. The mouth in the Phrygian language, and the of the channel is defended by two cafprecedence in point of antiquity was tles, built by Mahomet IV, in 1659, candidly yielded to the Phrygians by the Egyptians. The Scythians, however, would not allow this to be a juft inference, and thereby proved themfelves to be the wifeft, at least in this inftance, of the two nations; for they argued, that, as the two children had never heard the voice of any human creature, the word beccos,' which in the found even refembles the cry of a goat, muft have been only an imitation of the goats that had fuckled them, though it alfo happened to be a Phrygian word. to fecure his fleet against the Venetians. The fea flows through this ftrait out of the Propontis, or White Sea, with the greatest rapidity: when the north wind blows, no fhips can enter; but when it is fouth, the current is fcarcely perceptible. According to Tournefort, the mouth of the Hellefpont is four miles over; and Le Brun affures us, that the strait az the cafties is only half a mile over, which indeed was quite enough for a lover, actuated by the higheft degree of paflion, to attempt fwimming over Phrygia Minor was antiently called in a dark tempeftuous night, which Troas, Teucria, and Dardania, from we are informed Leander of Abydos kings that reigned in that country. It ufed frequently to do, to vifit Hero, was alfo named Idea, from Mount prieftefs of Venus, who refided in the Ida, and finally became part of Phry- caftle of Seftos, on the other fide: gia, from the Phrygians making the directed his courfe by a light, themselves mafters of it, about the which one unfortunate night went time of the deftruction of Troy. It out, and Leander was drowned; upon was divided into two parts; the ma- which Hero caft herfelf headlong ritime, called Hellefpontiaca; and the from the tower into the fea. One more inland part, termed Epictetus. night that the fea was very rough, and This part was properly called Troas, he near being drowned, Martial makes though the Trojan kingdom extended him addrefs the waves thus: Parcite, from the river Afopus to the banks of dum propero; mergite, dum redeo; the Carcus, including the greater and which may be rendered thus: Beer Myfia. Epictetus extended nearby to Mount Olympus, in the greater Myfia. This part at firft belonged to Prufias, king of Bithynia, who yielded it by agreement to Eumenes, king of Pergamus: whence it was called Epictetus; that is, acquired. The Hellefpont was fo called from Helle, a Troy, or Ilium, a city of Phrygia daughter of Athamas, king of Thebes, Minor, made immortal by the ini who was drowned in that channel, as mitable poems of Homer and Virgil, fhe was carrying the golden fleece to was built by Tros, king of that counColchis, with her brother Phryxus. try, who called it Troy, from his own The name of Dardanelles is probably name; and Ilium, from that of his fon derived from Dardanum, an antient Ilus. It was feated on a rifing ground, city built by king Dardanus; and this near Mount Ida, and five miles from name is still in ufe, though it is now the fhore: there were scarce any remore commonly called the Streight of mains of it to be feen in Strabo's Gallipoli, and the Arm of St. George, time; and most of the antient as from a famous church of St. George, well as the modern writers confound in a village called Periftafis, not far the old with the new Ilium. This from Gallipoli: it is known to the city was reduced to a village in the Turks by the name of Boghas, or time of Alexander the Great, who Bear me but fafe to her for whom I burn, I brave your vengeance, waves! on my return.' Leander is reprefented on the mcdals of Caracalla and Alexander Severus as conducted by a Cupid flying before him with a torch. caused it to be repaired, and the whole origin of this nation, as it is an incity to be embellifhed. This new city ftance of a remigration, in which was almoft reduced to the condition cafe the original migration always beof the former when the Romans first comes obfcure, and the latter is entered Afia, who, as they fancied given by antient hiftorians as a suffithemselves to be the offspring of the cient account of the origin of any antient Trojans, fpared no pains or people under fuch a predicament. coft to reftore it to its antient luftre: This is exactly the cafe with respect and Auguftus Cæfar fent thither a co- to the Ionians, who, no doubt, must lony, and enriched it with many ftate- originally have been Afiatics, though, ly buildings; therefore, undoubtedly, when they firft migrated to Greece, the ruins, which are to be feen at pre- time has drawn the thick veil of obfent, are this new Ilium. There are fcurity over. We find, therefore, in a great many marble tombs of moft hiftory, an account of the Ionians, as exquifite workmanship, two of which a people of Greece, derived, accordare fill perfect. Spon, who vitited ing to the fable, from Ion, fon of thefe curiofities, informs us, that they Apollo by Creufa, daughter of Erichare in the style of the antient Romans, theus, and grandfon to Deucalion; and much refembling thofe that are but, according to Jofephus, from Jato be seen at Arles; whence he con- van, fon of Japhet. When the cludes, that they must be the remains Achæans were driven out of those of that Troy which the Romans built countries in which they had fettled on the ruins of the original. Le Brun by the Dores and Heraclidæ, they fpeaks of the remains of a mott noble feized on that part of Achaia where structure, which he vifited, at the dif- the Ionians had fettled, and drove tance of five miles from the coaft. them out. The Ionians went into The four gates of this great edifice, at Attica, where they were well received that time entire, were about forty-five by Melanthus, who then reigned feet in height, and near them stood a there; they, however, did not stay wall of an extraordinary thickness, there longer than the establishment of with fourteen gates of a competent the firft archon, when Nileus, and fize: the veftiges of this magnificent the reft of the fons of Codrus, impafiructure took up an hundred and thirty feet in length, and an hundred in breadth; and our author thinks that thefe ruins may vie with any monuments of antiquity he ever faw. Ionia. tient of being under the government of their brother Medon, drew a great number of Athenians, with all the Ionians, to join them, and left Athens to fettle in Leffer Aha. This event muft have taken place about the year 1052 before Chrift. BEFORE we proceed to an account of the farther parts of Afia Minor, it The Ionians, on their arrival in will be proper to take a view of thofe Afia, divided themfelves into twelve countries which were fituated be- fmall ftates, as they had been while tween Phrygia and the Egean Sea; to inhabitants of Peloponnefus; and do which, it will be proper to begin founded in each a city from which with the Ionians, who were next the each state took its name; they were as fea, in confequence of the connec- follows: Ephefus, Miletum, Priene, tion we fhall obferve to have exift- Colophon, Myus, Teos, Lebedos, Claed between them and most of the in- zomenæ, Erithræ, Phocea,Chios, in the terjacent countries. Ionia was bound- ifle of that name, and Samos. These ed on the north by Eolia, on the weft were at first under a petty prince, but, by the gean and Icarian Seas, on being forced at length to join togethe fouth by Caria, on the east by ther, formed the Ionian confederacy, Lydia and part of Caria. It is im- fo much fpoken of by the antients, poffible to fay much refpecting the the chief and moft powerful among them being that of Miletus. As they fupported by an hundred and twenty brought no women with them into marble pillars feventy feet high, of Afia out of Greece, they conceived which twenty-feven were moft curithe plan of invading their neighbours, the Carians, in order to provide themfelves with wives; which enterprize they succeeded in, and returned with as many women as they thought neceffary; a precedent from which, in all probability, Romulus conceived the plan of his Sabine rape, about three hundred and forty-four years after the times we are speaking of. oufly carved, and the reft polished. Thefe pillars were executed under the direction of as many kings, and the bas-reliefs of one were done by Scopas, the most famous fculptor of all antiquity. The altar was almoft wholly the work of Praxiteles: it is very remarkable, that for fo magnificent a temple fo fmall a statue as Pliny defcribes fhould have been Next to Miletus, Ephefus was the placed in it, which, it feems, was ́a city moft worthy of notice: it is very little one of ebony, made by one called by the prefent inhabitants Canitia. On the fpot where this temAifaloue; it was antiently the metro- ple stood there had been a very beaupolis of all Afia. Stephanus calls it tiful one, though not equal to it, Epiphaneftate, or the Moft Illuftrious; which was deftroyed the fame day but what a different idea of it does that Alexander was born. It was that give from what its prefent fate affords us, which exhibits only a forry village, inhabited only by thirty or forty Greek families, and of the most ignorant and lower order! The chief ornament of Ephefus was the celebrated temple of Diana, built at the common charge of all Afia, in the construction of which fome hiftorians inform us, that fuch a quantity of ftone was used, that almost all the quarries in the country were emptied. To fecure the foundations, which were to bear a building of fuch a prodigious weight, they laid beds of charcoal, according to Pliny, well rammed, and upon them others of wool: from which we may obferve, that the properties of charcoal, lately fo much the subject of chemical inveftigation, were not entirely unknown to the antients, as this method perfectly agrees with the obfervations which were lately offered to the Sosiety for the Encouragement of Arts and Sciences, on the beft means of preventing the dry rot, in which the charring the ends of beams and timber used in buildings is recommended. burnt by one Eroftratus, who owned on the rack, that the only thing which had prompted him to deftroy fo excellent a work, was, the defire of transmitting his name to future ages; whereupon a decree was paffed, forbidding any one to name him; but this prohibition ferved only to make his name more memorable, such an extravagant meafure being taken notice of by all the hiftorians who have written of those times. The religion and laws of the Greek colonies in Afia were much the fame with thofe of Greece; their principal deities being Ceres, Apollo, Diana, and Neptune. Thefe colonies enjoyed their liberties, and lived according to their own laws, from the time of their migration to the reign of Cræfus, King of Lydia, to whofe fuperior power they were forced to fubmit, after having baffled all the attempts of his predeceffors. To the Editor of the Univerfal Mag. THE twenty-firft verfe of the fourPliny tells us, that two hundred teenth chapter of Saint Luke does years and upwards were spent in not appear to have been fufficiently building this wonderful temple. It well understood by the interpreters, was four hundred and twenty feet in not even by that perfpicacious comlength, and two hundred in breadth, mentator Hugo Grotius. The words VOL. III, C |